ARK.] 427 STATE of Arkansas v. Kenneth TUCKER CR 79-231 597 S.W. 2d 584 Supreme Court of Arkansas Opinion delivered April 21, 1980 Rehearing denied May 19, 1980 1. WORDS & PHRASES - ABAONDONMENT - HOW DETERMINED. — Abandonment is a fact question generally determined by a combination of acts and intent. 2. CRIMINAL LAW - WARRANTLESS SEARCH OF "ABANDONED" APARTMENT - DETERMINATION OF VALIDITY. - In determining the validity of a warrantless search of an apartment where a de-fendent formerly lived, the issue is not abandonment in the strict property-right sense, but whether the defendant had voluntarily discarded, left behind, or otherwise relinquished his interest in the property in question so that he could no longer retain a reasonable expectation of privacy with regard to it at the time of the search. 3. CRIMINAL LAW - ABANDONMENT - PRIVACY. - Abandonment implies a renunciation of any reasonable expectation of privacy. 4. CRIMINAL LAW - WARRANTLESS SEARCH - STANDARD OF REVIEW. - On appeal, the appellate court makes an independent determination, based on the totality of the circumstances, as to whether evidence obtained by means of a warrantless search should be suppressed, and the trial court's finding will not be set aside unless it is clearly against the preponderance of the evidence or clearly erroneous. 5. CRIMINAL LAW - WARRANTLESS SEARCH OF APARTMENT - RELINQUISHMENT OF EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY. - Where defen- dant moved into the apartment of a double amputee pursuant to an agreement whereby he would cook and care for the amputee in exchange for living there, but moved out approximately a month before the amputee was found murdered, and had purchased new clothing and obtained employment in a distant city when the apartment was searched without a warrant and he was charged with the offense, the evidence was sufficient to show that defendant had voluntarily relinquished his interest in the property left in the apartment so that he could no longer retain a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding it. 6. CRIMINAL LAW - SEARCH & SEIZURE - WARRANTLESS SEARCH VALID UNDER CIRCUMSTANCES. - Although a defendant expressed his intent not to abandon the items seized in a warrantless search of the apartment he once occupied with the murder victim, held, his conduct and acts plainly belie his stated intentions,
STATE V. TUCKER 428 Cite as 268 Ark. 427 (1980) [268 and the court's finding of nonabandonment is clearly against the preponderance of the evidence. Appeal from Mississippi Circuit Court, Osceola District, Gerald Brown, Judge; reversed. Steve Clark, Atty. Gen., by: Catherine Anderson, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellant. Ralph Wilson, Jr., Deputy Public Defender, for appellee. FRANK HOLT, Justice. The appellee was charged with first degree murder. Following an in-chambers hearing, the court granted appellee's motion to suppress certain evidence seized pursuant to a warrantless search of an apartment he shared with the victim of the alleged murder. Hence, the state brings this interlocutory appeal. Ark. Rules of Crim. Pro., Rule 36.10. The sole issue presented is whether the appellee had abandoned the premises. The state argues that appellee's Fourth Amendment rights were not violated by the warrantless search inasmuch as the appellee had effectively abandoned the premises. Thom v. State, 248 Ark. 180, 450 S.W. 2d 550 (1970); and Baggett v. State, 254 Ark. 553, 494 S.W. 2d 717 (1973). Therefore the evidence should not be suppressed. The courts have consistently held that abandonment is a fact question generally determined by a combination of acts and intent. U.S. v. Alden, 576 F.2d 772 (8th Cir. 1978); Freid-man v. U.S., 347 F.2d 697 (8th Cir. 1965), cert. denied 382 U.S. 946, 86 S. Ct. 407, 15 L. Ed. 2d 354 (1965); Morton v. State, 284 Md. 526, 397 A. 2d 1385 (Md. 1979). "The issue is not abandonment in the strict property-right sense, but whether the person prejudiced by the search had voluntarily discarded, left behind, or otherwise relinquished his interest in the property in question so that he could no longer retain a reasonable expectation of privacy with regard to it at the time of the search." U.S. v. Colbert, 474 F. 2d 174 (5th Cir. 1973). Abandonment "implies a renunciation of any reasonable expectation of privacy." U.S. v. Alden, supra; U.S. v. Wilson, 472 F.2d 901 (9th Cir. 1973); and Lupro v. State, 603 P. 2d 468 (Alaska 1979). On appeal we make an independent deter-
STATE V. TUCKER ARK.] Cite as 268 Ark. 427 (1980) 429 mination, based on the totality of the circumstances, as to whether evidence obtained by means of a warrantless search, as here, should be suppressed, and the trial court's finding will not be set aside unless it is clearly against the preponderance of the evidence or clearly erroneous. State v. Osborn, 263 Ark. 554, 566 S.W. 2d 139 (1978). The deceased was a double amputee requiring the use of a wheelchair. He was last seen alive on or about April 2. His body was discovered in an abandoned house in an adjoining county on April 12. In December, 1978, he rented an apartment in an area known as Hobo's Jungle for $80 a month. According to the appellee, he and the deceased were acquainted. The appellee, at the deceased's request, moved from a nearby mechanic's shop, where he had been working and living, into the apartment with the deceased. The understanding was that the appellee could live there in return for taking care of the disabled occupant. Appellee was to wash his clothes, cook his food, tend his sores, and assist him in the use of his wheelchair. This arrangement continued until about March 19 or 20 when the appellee left and went to a motel in a nearby town. The first part of April he voluntarily entered a local Mental Health Center because he was suffering headaches from a recent injury. On April 10 he was discharged and left the state by bus without advising anyone he was leaving or that he was expecting to return. Before leaving he sold a car which he had purchased from the deceased. He removed his tools which he kept in the car, and carried them with him. He stated that he intended to find employment on a ranch near Tucson, Ar-izona, and purchased a through bus ticket. After he secured a job his intentions were to return to the apartment in Luxora to pick up his clothes, guns and another car, which he had also recently purchased from the decedent and which was locked up at the apartment. He stated that he had no intentions of abandoning the apartment nor his personal belongings. However, the appellee left the apartment in March knowing that the deceased, who paid the rent, had expressed his intent to leave for Oklahoma to live with one of his girl friends as soon as she could come after him (he understood the deceased would keep the apartment). He had
STATE V. TUCKER 430 Cite as 268 Ark. 427 (1980) [268 not been at the apartment for almost a month preceding the warrantless search on April 13. The appellee further admitted that he had purchased new clothing consisting of several pairs of blue jeans, several shirts, a jacket and a hat; although his destination was Tucson, he left the bus in Dallas; after several days there in a motel, he met a friend and they rented an apartment; he established his residence in the area, secured employment as a security guard and had worked about one day at the time of his arrest. The landlord testified that although the rent had not been paid for April, it was regularly paid by the deceased about the first part of the month, and he had never been late before in paying his rent. He described the apartment at the time of the search as smelly, moldy and dark with things scattered about. The officers, who searched the apartment with the landlord's consent, stated that the apartment was cluttered with dirty dishes and messy, and it appeared that no one had been in the apartment for several days and had been abandoned. Although the appellant expressed his intent not to abandon the seized items nor the apartment he occupied with the decedent, we are of the view that his conduct and acts plainly belie his stated intentions. We hold, therefore, that the court's finding of nonabandonment is clearly against the preponderance of the evidence. Reversed.
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