460 CASES IN THE SUPREME COURT Knox et al. vs. Bcirne & Byrnside. KNOX AND OTHERS VS. BEIRNE & BYRNSIDE, That provi'sion in the constitution of this State, which provides that the judges of the circuit courts may temporarily exchange circuits, or hold courts for each other, under such regulations as may be pointed out by law, confers upon the Legislature power to require the judges temporarily to exchange ridings, and to hold courts for each other, in contradistinction to any constant or permanent alternation or rotation of circuits., Upon the interchange of ridings, the judges for the time being are, quo ad hoc, tne law. ful'incurribents , of the circuits in which they May be summoned to preside ; and, during the tenniorary interchange, their official functions arenuperseded in theirown reapectiie. circuits.
OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 461 Knox et al. vs. Benne & Byrnside. The Legislature may point out the mode in which this temporary exchange shall take place, and what shall constitute notice of its direction upon the subject. The la*, in Such case,..may be a general one, but the interchange must be temporary, ansd not permanent or lasting, looking to a definite period when it shall terminate. Temporarily, a judge may be directed by the Legislature to pass out of hispwn terriforial jurisdiction, and be required to perform the duties of another circuit, for a given space of time, but not for one-half or two-thirds of the time for which he is elected ;. and that time to be constantly fixed as a permanent rule of policy in the system. The act approved 25th December, 1840, providing for the interchange of circuits, pro-yides for a permanent, and not a temporary interchange, and is, therefore, unconstitutional. Where there is no appeal, but a mere agreement'of the parties to refer the matters in -dispine to the judgment of this Court, this confers no power on the Court'to give judgment. Tins case was determined in the Crawford Circuit Court, in 'August, 1841, before the Hon. RICHARD C. S. BROWN, one of the Circuit Judges. By the act of 25th December, 1840, it devolved on the Hon. JOSEPH M. HOGE, Judge of the '4th judicial circuit, to„hold the August term, 1841, of the Crawford Circuit Court, in the seventh circuit, of which the Hon. R. C. S. BROWN was Judge. Both judges were present; and the regular judge declining to obey the law, holding it unconstitutional, proceeded to hold the Court. The present case was decided immediately, and brought before this Court, upon the agreement that it should be referred to this Court, upon the issue, whether the act aforesaid was constitutional. The question as to the constitutionality of the act Was argued here by W. 4. E. Cummins, for, and Gilchrist, Evans, and Paschal, against it. By the Court, LACY, J. There 'has beeri a point raised and discussed at the bar, which we think it our duty to express an opinion upon, although it may not be absolutely necessary to do so, in the present aspect of this case. The question relates to the constitutionality of an act of the Legislature, approved December 25th, A. D. 1840, authorizing the circuit judges to interchange ridings, and to hold courts for each other. There is no time fixed when the operation of the act is to cease, and therefore it must be regarded as fixing a permanent interchange, by alternation and rotation of office between the several respective judges of the State; and, upon the interchange taking place, each judge is vested with as ample and as full authority to do and
462 CASES IN THE SUPREME COURT Knox et al. vs. Beirne & Byrnside. perform every thing appertaining to his office, out of his own circuit, as, by the constitution and laws of the State, he has in its prescribed territorial boundary or jurisdiction. • The constitution declares that the " circuit court shall have ex, elusive original jurisdiction of all cases amounting to felony at common law," and. " original jurisdiction of all matters of contract, when the sum in controversy is over one hundred dollars ;" that " the State shall be divided into convenient circuit.4, each to consist of not less than five, nor more than seven countiep, contiguous to each.other, for each of which a judge shall be elected, who, during his continuance in office, shall reside and be a conservator of the peace in the circuit for which he shall have been elected ;" " that the circuit courts shall exerciSe a superintending control of the coUnty coin ts, and over justices of the peace, in each county of their respective circuits, and shall have power to issue all necessary writs to carry into effect their general and specific powers ;" and; that the "judges of the circuit court may temporarily exchange circuits, or hold courts for each other, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law." Sec. 3, 4, 5, 12, Art. 6, Constitution, This Court has. said, in the case of The Aaaitor vs. Da-vies, 2 Ark., p. 502, " that the principle of a separate and distinct jurisdiction pervades and runs through our whole judicial system, and that the constitution has preserved one unbroken and entire chain of' action throughout the entire p lan. Each separate trihunal is left free in the exercise of its lawful and constitutional authority, and its subordinate parts are only restrained by a superior jurisdiction, when they tranicend the limits of the grant which created them." To assume for any one of these tribunals ajurisdiction greater or less than is conferred by the constitution, is not Only virtually to abolish all the distinction and divisions of separate constitutional jurisdictions between the several, respective courts, but it is, in effect, to ordain and establish a wholly different will or rule of action from the one laid down by the constitution. This principle, which .seems to us wholly undeniable, proves that the Legislature has no right to alter or abolish the consti tutional jurisdictions ul the judicial tribunals of the State. It can neither enlarge nor ditninish the grant of their creation or powers. It cettainly, not competent for that body to pass an act declaring the
OF TliE4MATE'OF ARK4N8AS. 40:tor et al:. ye, •BeiraeA:.Byrneide: cireuit courts Should not have jurisdiction-in cases offelOny at-common Jaw, or that of contract in civil actions, where the sum in eontroversy exceedi one hundred dollars: -The reastin is to be found- in the con--,sfitution itself, which gives to the circuit courts this express juriidic-:tion. :A . gain, the Legislature is wholly incompetent, in creating the several Circuit courts for the State, to enlarge or dirninish4hem beyond : their constitutional jurisdiction. They have unquestionably the authority to create as many circuits as they deem proper and convenient; but.then each circuit must consist of not less than five, nor more thari seven contiguous counties. That instrument requires a judge to'be elected and commissioned for each circuit, and his residence IS eon-. fined to his territorial district. The Legislature has no power to-pass a law requirlif a judge to reside out of his circuit, and to perform the duties of an adjacent circuit. The language Of the constitution is explicit and imperative upon this point; for each judge is elected for a particular circuit, is required to reside within it, and his commission is the evidence of his authority within iti prescribed limits. It gives him no power or authority to do any judicial act out of .his own circuit, but it embraces the circumference of his district, and within that circle his powers are adequate and plenary, and he hat a superintending control over the county courts and the justices of the- peace, in each county within his circuit. The Legislature Cannot, either directly or indirectly, interfere with his constitutional jarisdiction, either in regard to the subject matter of it, or to its territorial boundaries; both of which must concur and unite to invest the court with the exercise of a complete jurisdiction to hear and determine the causes that may be brought before it; for, to all9w a Legislature to diminish or inerease the constitutional jurisdiction of these tribunals, wodlci be to place their own will above that -of the constitution, in derogation of its authority ;, for the State would then have a different system of circuit courts from the one ordained and established by the people, in convention. The inquiry now is, what is 'the true meaning of the constitution, when it adds this qualification to the general grant of the circuit court powers: " that the judges may temporarily exchange circuits, or hold courts for each other, under such regulations as may be pointed out
464 CASES IN THE SUPREME COURT Knox et al. vs. Beirne & Byrnside. by law." These terms have not in them any very precise or definite meaning. Taking them, however, in connection with other poitions of thc constitution, and construing them in reference to the territorial jurisdiction of the circuit courts, they are, nevertheless, capable of being defined with sufficient accuracy to arrive at the true meaning of the convention. They confer upon the Legislature power to require the judges temporarily to exchange ridings, and to hold courts for each other, in contradistinction to any constant or permanent alternation or rotation of circuits. Upon the interchange of ridings, the judges for the time being are, guo ad hoc, the lawful incumbents of the circuits in 'which they may be summoned to preside; and, during the temporary interchange, the official functions are superseded or suspended in their own respective circuits. The Loislature may ppint out the mode in which this temporary exchange of riding shall take place, and what shall Constitute notice of its direction upon the subject. The law, in such cases, may be a general one, but it must be so guarded and worded, that the interchange itself must be temporary or local, and not permanent or lasting. The interchange of circuits is given upon the express condition, in the constitution, that the judges may hold courts temporarily for each other, in contradistinction from a fixed and settled rotation or alternation of ridings. During the time of the interchange, the respective judges are clothed with full power and authority fo hear and determine all the causes in each other's respective circuits; but that interchange the constitution required to be temporary in its objects and purposes, looking to a definite period of time when it shall terminate; and each judge then to be recalled to preside in his own particular circuit for _which he was elected and commissioned. His residence is fixed to his own circuit, and all his general duties appertain to, and are confined within, its boundaries. Temporarily he may be directed by the Legislature to pass out of his own territorial jurisdiction, and be required to perform the duties of another circuit, different from his own, for a given space of time. He cannot, however, be required to perform those duties for one-halt or two-thirds of the period of time for which he is elected, and that time to be constantly fixed as • a permanent rule of policy in the system; for, if the Legislature possesses the power todo this, then
OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS.. 465 Knox et al. vs. Beirne & Byrnside. they would have the power to break down and destroy the division and separation of the respectivd circuits, anitto obliterate these landmarks of the constitution. And thus, by rotation and 'alternation in the riding of the respective judges, the whole system of territorial jurisdiction would be virtually abashed and wholly changed. Instead of having then a system of circuit courts, as marked out and defined by the constitution, each judge restriCted (except temporarily) to the discharge of the duties of his own prescribed circuit, his election and commission would then be made to extend his power and authority over the territorial limits of other circuits; which was never intended to be embraced or included in thc grant of its creation. It is no answer to this position to Say, that inconvenience may result to the public from confining the judges permanently to their own particular circuits. The constitution has ordained it, and the Legislature has no authority to order it otherwise. Besides, if a judge, in any particular circuit, is connected with either of the parties upon record, or disqualified by interest, relationship, or being counsel in the cause, upon his certifying that fact to the Governor, the Executive is bound by the constitution to issue a special commission to some competent person, to hear and determine the cause; so that, in no possible event can the State receive any detriment from these dis. qualifications. The law now under consideration does not authorize a temporary or local interchange of riding, but it declares that the judges, by rotation or alternation in office, shall constantly perform the duties of the respective circuits for each other, for all time to come, and that, too, over territorial boundaries for which they were never elected or commissioned. The act in question is, then, a permanent, and not a temporary interchanging of riding, and consequently not authorized by the constitution. In this case there is no appeal prayed or granted. There is a mere agreement by the parties to refer the matters in dispute to the judgment of this Court. Such an order certainly confers no power upon us to give judgment in the premises. The case must, therefore, be dismissed, for want of jurisdiction. 59
466 -CASKSIKiTUK-SUPREME COURT Knox et al. as. Beirne Byrnside: W. ck E. Cummins filed a petition for re-contideration, which was--refused. By the Court, DreurNsoN,. J. The language in this casey as used in the opinion, must, of' course, be construed with . reference to the facts before the Court—with reference,to the matter under* consideratioh. Any other rule, in the language of an eminent jurist, " would misrepte-sent one judge, and mislead another." Where the Court remarks that the judicial powers of the respective judges, must be confined.to the limits of their circuit, of course it must be taken in a qualified sense: The exception to the principle is contained in the constitution, which is, unless the Legislature shall authorize a temporary interéhange of ridings. The argument upon the re-hearing of the case, although ingenious and forcible, has not been sufficient to satisfy the minds of the COurt that the opionion previously expressed is erroneous. The definition of the term " temporary," although, in its literal acceptation, it may signify any portion of time less than the full , period spoken of, still does not warrant the conclusion that it is to be taken with such an unqualified meaning, and applied to the grant of the constitution. The word, as it stands in' that instrument, must lie governed by the meaning , and objects of the grant, and its signification restricted ,by other parts and provisions of the constitution. A law that would authorize a judge to remain all but a small fraction of time out of the circuit for which he was elected, and to hold but one court during the term of his service within his own district, would, to our minds, be a clear and palpable violation of the constitution. To hold such a law constitutional, would, in effect, break down all separate and distinct jurisdiction, which was the main and leading object of the convention to establish; and it would virtually abrogate and destroy both the election and commission which constitute the judicial warrants of the judge for the exercise of his authority. And the law now before the court, is, in our estimation, subject to the like objection. There is a constant and uniform alternation and rotftion of riding between the resPective judges, which may last for all time to come, and therefore cannq be termed, in the constitutional meaning of the word) a temporary interchange of circuits.
You are being directed to the most recent version of the statute which may not be the version considered at the time of the judgment.