516 ,SWIFT & CO. V. FT. SMITH & W. RT. CO . [179 SWIFT & COMPANY V. FORT SMITH & WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY. Opinion delikTered May 13, 1929. 1. CARRIERS CONSTRUCTION OF TARIFF RATES.—Tariff rates are to be construed most strongly against the party preparing them and all doubts and ambiguities must be resolved in favor of the shipper. 2. CARRIERS—CONSTRUCTION OF TARIFF RATEs.—If more than one tariff applies to a particular shipment, the one most favorable to the shipper must be applied. 3. CARRIERS—RIGHT TO REFRIGERATOR CARS.—Perivhable protective tariff rule 630, providing that carriers, upon reasonable notice, will furnish refrigerator cars t•o be loaded by shippers at their own expense when the aggregate weight of shipment is not less than 15,000 pounds per car or when freight charges are assessed on that basis, applies only when the shipper has the exclusive use of such cars and its contract entitles it to this use. 4. CARRIERS—RIGHT TO REFRIGERATOR CARS—BURDEN OF PROOF.—The burden of proving that a shipper had the exclusive use of refrigerator cars in which shipments were made was on the carrier suing for undercharges on freight shipped, where perishable pro-
ARK.] SWIFT & CO. v. FT. SMITH & W. R y. Co. 517 tective tariff rule 630 required a showing that the shipper had the exclusive use of the car. 5. CARRIERS—APPLICATIO N OF PROTECTIVE) TARIFF RULE 630.—In a suit by a carrier for undercharges on freight shipped, evidence held to sustain application of perishable protective tariff rule 630. 6. C ARRIERS — APPLICATION OF PROTECTIVE TARIFF RULE . 63 0 .—Perishable tariff rule 630, covering what is called "Scheduled Refrigerator Car Service," applies only to car service operated by carriers on fixed days of the week, the cars moving without orders from the shippers over a defined route of which all shippers may take notice and ship accordingly. 7. A ' PPEAL AND ERR O R— CONCLUSIVENESS OF COURT'S F INDI NG.—Where a law case by consent was heard without a jury, the court's finding will be sustained on appeal if the testimony, together with the inferences reasonably deducible therefrom, are sufficient to support it. Appeal from Sebastian . Circuit Court, Fort Smith District : J. Sam Wood, Judge ; affirmed. William N. Strack and Daily & .Woods, for appellant. Warner & Warner, for appellee. SMITH, J. This snit was brought by appellee, Fort Smith & Western Railway Company, against appellant,- Swift & Company, to recover certain alleged undercharges on freight' shipped by appellant over appellee's railroad. The alleged undercharges covered a period extending from May 1, -1924, to January 22, 1927, and included 125 different less than carload shipments of butter, eggs and dressed poultry. These shipments all moved over the railroad of the appellee and of the Missouri Paeific Railroad Company, a connecting carrier. Appellant paid the freight demanded, which was based on rates expressed in cents per 100 pounds, and, in addition thereto, paid appellee for the refrigeration furnished in connection with these shipments. At the time each of these shipments moved there was no contention on the part of appellee that appellant was not paying proper charges for the transportation services rendered by appellee. Numerous freight tariffs approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission were offered in evidence, one of
518 SWIFT & Co. V. FT. SMITH & W. R y. Co. [179 which provides for the rates in cents per 100 pounds for the transportation of butter, eggs and dressed poultry, specifying a minimum weight of 100 pounds for each shipment, and it is the contention of appellant that this is the only minimum weight which is applicable to the shipments herein. On the other hand, a.ppellee contends that the shipments were made- under and are governed by rule 630 of the perishable protective tariff approved s by the Interstate 'Commerce Commission: Rule €30 . provides, in part, as follows : "Unless otherwise specifically provided, in separate tariffs of carriers parties to this tariff, carriers, upon reasonable notice, will furnish or will allow shippers to use or will participate with connecting carriers in handling refrigerator cars to be loaded by shippers at their own expense with freight as specified below when moving on basis of less than carload- or any quantity freight rates and covered by tariffs governed •y Official, Southern or Western Classifications, as they may re-- spectively apply (except 'meat peddler cars', for which see rule 625), when aggregate weight is not less than 15,000 pounds per Car OT when freight charges are assessed on basis of 15,000 pounds per car. (See Exception No. 4). Tbis rule will apply only as follows * *- * "Between points governed by Southern Classification. "3. From one consignor at one point of origin to one consignee at one destination. (See paragraph F). "On shipments of butter,. * ' eggs, * ' dressed poultry, * * * in straight or mixed lots, no charge will be made for icing, re-icing or refrigeration. (See exceptions). "4. Any deficit in weight will be charged for on -basis of freight rate applicable to the highest rated commodity contained in the car." On January 31, 1927, after the last of the shipments in question had been made, the assistant traffic manager of appellant wrote a letter, a copy of which was sent to
ARK.] SWIFT & .CO. v. FT. SMITH & W. RY. Co. 519 the freight claim agent of appellee, which appears to have precipitated thiS litigation. This letter reads as follows : "R. C. Dearborn, Chairman "National Perishable Freight Committee, "Chicago. "Dear sir: We are in controversy with Mr. F. R. Spurgin, F. C. A., Fort Smith & Western RY., regarding overcharges on numerous shipments of dressed poultry, butter and . eggs, moving from Oklahoma City, Okla.., to points on or via his line in Arkansas and Louisiana. Mr. Spurgin has.refused to honor our olaims on 15,000-lb. cars based on rule 630 of your tariff. An illustration of the shipments involved is as follows : "S. R. L. 22191 was forwarded from Oklahoma City, Okla., by our produce plant On April 2, 1925, containing shipments of butter as follows : 2088 lb Monroe, La. 5074 lb. Pine Bluff, Ark.- 2508 lb Alexandria, La. 1040 lb Ft. Smith, Ark. • 3956 lb Little Rock, Ark. ".Our claim wa.s based on paying freight charges on the deficit of 344 lb. at the 4th Class rate of 76c to the first destination in the car, which was Fort Smith, Ark., observing, however, minimum revenue based on the 4th class rate at 15,000-113. to the final unloading station, which was Alexandria, La. We asked the carrier to refund . all icing charges, hoth initial and re-icing, and assess only transportation charges based as outlined bove. Mr. Spurgin infonis us that he must decline the claim, because it is not filed in accordance with the manner in which the tariff is iSsued. Will you kindly interpret rule 630 for Mr. Spurgin, referring his claim No. 65443 and letter of January 27, sending as a copy of your interpretation, referr.ing to our claim P0-815527." The particular shipment there referred to is typical of all the others. In each of the 125 cars the shipper had loaded less than 15,000 pounds. of freight, and had iced
• 520 SWIFT & CO. v. FT. SMITH & W. RY. CO. the cars at point of origin, and had paid for re-icing when that service had been rendered, and this letter was written to recover the value of this ice. It is plain, from the above quotation from rule 630; that, if the rule applies to the shipments, it was the duty of appellee to pay the icing charges, and the controlling question in this case is whether rule 630 applies. Upon this question the litigants have reversed positions. Appellant originally demanded to be reimbursed for icing charges which appellee should have borne, because rule 630 so provided, whereas appellant now contends that the rule does not apply. After first denying liability for the icing charges, appellee now concedes this but demands the amount of the Undercharge which exists if rule 630 is applicable. Section 6 of this rule provides that any deficit between the actual weight and the minimum of 15,000 pounds shall be paid by the shipper at the fourth-class rate from the point of origin to the first unloading station of the car, with the •further proviso that the freight charges on such a car shall not be less than on 15,000 pounds ai the fourth-class rate from the point of origin to the final unloading station of the car. An auditor of appellee checked each . of the 125 shipments in accordande witb this § 6 of rule 630, and submitted a statement of the account between the parties if rule 630 applies, after crediting appellant with all proper icing charges. The correctness of this statepaent as a matter of accounting is not questioned, and, as the court found that the shipments had been made under and were governed by rule 630, judgment was rendered in accordance . .with the audit. Appellant contends that the freight was computed and paid pursuaAt to rule 13 of the Consolidated Freight Classification Tariff No. 3, which provides that: "The minimum charge for a single shipment of less than carload freight, from one consignor to one con7 signee, on one bill of lading shall be: (a) If classi-
ARK.] SWIFT & CO. v. FT. SMITH & W. RY. CO . 521 fied 1st class or lower, for one hundred pounds (100 lb.) at the class or commodity rate applicable thereto." It is proper to announce the rules of construction which must be applied in determining which tariff governs. The tariff rates are prepared by the carriers, and are not effective until they are approved by the Interstate ;Commerce Commission. Like all other similar writings, they are to be construed most strongly against the party preparing them, and all doubts or ambiguities must be resolved in favor of the shipper. So also, if it be found that more than one tariff ap p lies to a particular shipment, the one most favorable to the shipper mus,t be applied. North Packing & Provision Co. v. Director General, 104 I. C. C. 607, 614; North Americam, Oil & Refining Corp. v. Director General, 85 I. C. C. 697, 700; Brenner Lbr. Co. v. Director General, 81 I. C. C. '241, 244; Louisiana Red Cypress Co. v. M. L. & T. R. R. & S. S. Co„ 95 I. C. C. 159, 160. We are also of the opinion that appellant is correct in i,ts insistence that rule 630 cannot properly be ap-.plied unless it appears that (a) appellant had the exclusive use of the refrigerator cars in which the shipments were made, and (b) its contract entitled it to this use. Upon this question the testimony was to the following effect: Appellant had a warehouse in Oklahoma City, and branch agencies at the cities in Arkansas and Louisiana to which portions of the shipments were consigned. Appellant's manager at Oklahoma City testified that appellan,t ordered a refrigerator car each week, and this car was delivered at appellant's place of business to be loaded. Cars were so placed only upon orders given. Appellant's manager at Oklahoma City testified that he did not know whether the cars contained freight belonging to other shippers or not, but he did know that, after he had ordered and loaded cars, they were closed and sealed with appellant's seals, and icing directions were wri,tten into the bills of lading by appellant. As to
522 SWIFT & CO. V. FT. SMITH & W. R y. Co. [179' the icing directions contained in the bills of lading, "It was further agreed that upon each and every bill of lading covering these shipments herein and appearing in the place for re-icing instructions in substance 'Don't re-ice unless delayed in transit.' " After the cars had been thus loaded and sealed, they were taken in , charge by appellee and carried to its yards, where they were reworked by being placed into the trains of which they became a part. It does not affirmatively appear from the testimony whether, in any case, any freight not belonging to appellant was shipped in any one of the 125 cars. This does not appear to be a fact peculiarly within the knowh edge of either party, but the burden of proof on this subject was on appellee, for the reason that it is the plaintiff in the case-, and we have said that a showing was essential, not only that appellant had the exclusive use of the cars, but had a contract entitling it to that use. It is not questioned that rule 630 contemplates the exclusive use of the car by the shipper . to whom the bill of lading issues, and we think the inference is fairly deT ducible, if not irresistible, from the testimony herein summarized, that the shipments were made pursuant to this rule. • The letter from appellant's traffic manager, which is quoted above, was not a casual letter, but was written by an expert who was conversant with the facts upon which the technical question involved would be determined. The cars were specially ordered, and were delivered when ordered; and of this last fact we will later have more to say. After the cars were loaded, the private seal of appellant was placed on them, and the direction was given not to re-ice unless there was a delay, and it •s not contended that these instructions were departed from. We think the inference is fair that appellant would not have assumed . to give icing directions if it had not had the exclusive right to the car. It could not have known what other freight would be shipped in the
ARK.] SWIFT & CO. v. F. SMITH & W-R y. Co. 5'23 car, nor what its destination was. • No doubt appellant sought the expedition in transit which would result from the exclusive use of the car, and this right appears to have been accorded it. The judgment rendered was fOr $4,756.18, which is an average•of only slightly more than $38 per car. It is not questioned that, if there was an undercharge, appelleehad the right and was under the duty of suing to recover the deficit. Section 7 of. the Act to Regulate Commerce, Compiled Statutes, § 8569, provides that : "Nor shall any carrier charge or demand DT collect or receive a greater, or leSS, or different coMpensation for such transportation of passengers-or property, or for any service in connection therewith, between the points named in such tariffs, than the rates, fares and charges which are . Specified in the tariff filed and in effect at the time ; nOr shall any carrier refund or remit in any manner or by any device, any portion of the rates, fares and charges so specified, nor extend to any shipper or person any privileges or facilities in the transportation of passengers or property, exeept such as are specified in such tariffs." Mo. Pac. Rd. Co. v. Pfeifer Stone Co., 166 Ark. 226, 266 S. W. 82. Appellant insists that if any portion of § 6 of the perishable protective tariff schedule applies, it is rule 610, and not rule 630. Rule 610 covers what is called "scheduled refrigerator ear service," which is defined in another rule to mean "insulated car service established or operated by carriers on fixed days of the week from specified points . to specified points for the handling of 'less than carload' shipments of perishable freight (as defined in item No. 1130), transported over .a specified route which interested carriers have authorized." Appellee concedes that if this rule 610 has any application to the facts of this case, it cannot recover ; but we concur in its view that this rule does not apply. The rule obviously applies to a car service operated by• the carriers on fixed days of the week. No shipper orders
524 [179 these cars. They move without orders from the shippers, on fixed days, over a - defined route, of which all shippers may take notice and ship accordingly. It is undisputed that each of the 125 cars here in question . was specially ordered, and, while most of them moN-Ted on the day assigned for the movement of the " scheduled refrigerator car service,' this was not true of all of them, as the testimony . shows that some of the 125 cars were mOved on every day of the week except Sunday. Moreover, there is no testimony whatever that appellee operated insulated car service between the points to which the cars in question were shipped on_ any day of the week. • The case was heard by consent by the court without a jury, and we must affirm this judgment, so far as the sufficiency of the testimony is concerned, if the testi-mon., tending to supporf the verdict (and there are no substantial conflicts . in the testimony) is, with the inferences reasonably deducible therefrom, legally . sufficient to support it. We think the trial court was warranted in finding, as was found, that rule 630 applied, and, this being true, the judgment- must be affirmed, and it is so ordered. KIRBY, J., dissents.
You are being directed to the most recent version of the statute which may not be the version considered at the time of the judgment.