392 AKINS V. HEIDEN. [177 AKINS V. HEIDEN. Opinion delivered May 28, 1928. 1. MARRIAGE—NEGROES COHABITING AS HUSBAND AND IVIFE.—Under Crawford & Moses' Digest, § 7040 (act of Feb. 6, 1867, § 3) providing that "all negroes and mulattoes who are now cohabiting as husband and wife and recognizing each other as such shall be deemed lawfully married from the passage of this act," held that cross-complainants were sufficiently established as the heirs of deceased negroes who cohabited as husband and wife on Feb-ruary 6, 1867. 2. JUDGMENT—EFFECT OF PROBATE OF A a suit to quiet title, in which it was insisted that the heirs at law of the original owner were precluded from maintaining a cross-complaint because the title to the property involved was determined by the probate of the will of the original owner, held that the order admitting such will to probate did not affect the property in controversy where the will did not purport to dispose of the•property in controversy and made no reference to it as part of testator's property. 3: JUDGMENT—RES JUDICATA.—The principle of res judieata extends only to questions of law and fact which were decided in a former suit br which might have been decided therein. 4. WITNESSES — DEPOSITION OF DECEASED INSANE PERSON.—It was not error to admit-the deposition of one who was under guardianship for Insanity and has since died, where the witness seemed to understand what he was testifying about. 5. FRAUDS, STATUTE OF—ORAL GIFT OF LAND.—An oral gift of land is not enforceable unless actual possession is delivered, followed by the making of valuable improvements by the donee. 6. GIFTS—PAROL GiFr• OF LAND— g vmENcE. The general rule is that evidence necessary to establish a parol gift of land must be clear and unequivocal. 7. QUIETING TITLE—ENFORCEMENT OF PAROL GIFT.—Where a donee enters into possession of land under a parol gift and his assignees make valuable improvements thereon, their title will be quieted. Appeal from Pulaski Chancery Court; Frank H. Dodge, Chancellor; affirmed. STATEMENT OF FACTS. Herman E. Heiden and Susie H. Heiden brought this suit in equity to quiet the title to the south half of lot 2, block 108, city of Little Rock, Arkansas. Accord-
ARK.] AKINS V. HEIDEN. 393 ing to the . allegations 'of , their complaint, •they are the owners and in possession of said lot 2, which was formerly owned by Sam Summers. Duiing the life of Sam Summers he conveyed by warranty deed the title to the north half of said lot to Q. H. Evans, who conveyed to Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks. Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks conveyed to James Hicks, who conveyed again to Peter Sullivan. At the time of the death of -Sam Summers the south half of said lot was owned by him, and was not disposed of by his will. Jim Hicks and Peter Sullivan- conveyed the whole of said lot to Billy Hammock, who conveyed to D. Hopson, and he in turn conveyed to the plaintiffs herein. A . warning order was issued against the unknown heirs of said Sam Summers. Certain persons, alleging themselves to be the heirs at law Of said Sam Summers, made themselves parties to the suit, and asked that their interests be recognized. By way of cross-complaint they asked that the property be sold and that the proceeds arising from the sale be divided among the owners of the property as their interest may appear, and that the plaintiffs in possession .of the property be required to account to them for their part of the rents and profits since plaintiffs have been in possession of said property. , -The lot involved iii tbis suit was formeily owned by Sam Summers, an ex-slave. Summers was the son of Rebecca or Fairy !Bee Sullivan, who was the mother of thirteen children, two. of Whom died in infancy. Eleven of them grew to- manhoed, and all of them, except Peter Sullivan, were born in ,the State of Alabama, and came to Arkansas with their mother and resided with her in Arkansas prior to and after 1867. All of these children were illegitimate, except. Peter Sullivan, Who was born after. his* mother and her husband came to Arkansas. All of these brothers and sisters are now dead, and appellants, who are cross-complainants in the . chancery court, are their children and heirs at law:
394 AKINS V. HEIDEN. [177 On the 30th day of March, 1917, Sam Summers executed a warranty deed to George H. Evans to property described as follows : "North half of lot two and one hundred and eight, city of Little Rock, . Arkansas." The deed was duly acknowledged and filed for record on the same day. On the 31st day of May, 1919, George H. Evans conveyed to Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks property described as follows : "North half of lot 2 in block 108, city of Little Rock." This deed was also duly acknowledged and filed for record. Lindsey Hicks later conveyed his half interest in said lot to his son, Jim Hicks. Jim Hicks later conveyed the north half of said lot to Peter Sullivan, and Peter Sullivan conveyed the south half of said lot 2 to Jim Hicks. On December 26, 1922, Jim Hicks and Peter Sullivan conveyed the same to D. Hopson, and he in turn conveyed it to Herman E. Heiden. Herman E. Heiden erected a building on said lot which rents for $160 per month. Sam Summers executed a will on the 10th day of January, 1919. In his will he bequeathed to Nancy Allen certain property in certain banks, and, as a reason, stated that she had kindly, ministered unto him in time of distress and sickness. He also gave to said Nancy Allen lot 3, in block 108, in the city of Little Rock. He left to Mamie Butler, whom he had reared, lot 12, in bleck 108, in the city of Little Rock. He left to Peter Sullivan, whom he called his dear brother, lot 4, block 108, city of Little Rock. To Lindsey Hicks he devised lot 12, block 198, city of Little Rock. Sam Summers died on the first day of February, 1919, and his will was duly filed for probate on February 4, 1919. Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks contested the probate of his will, and appealed from the order of the probate court admitting the will to probate, to the circuit court. They dismissed their appeal in the circuit court on April 4, 1921. On the 13th day of August, 1920, the probate court made an order apportioning the inheritance tax on the estate of Sam • Summers. In
ARK.] AKINS V. HEIDEN. 395 this order the probate court found that the will of Sam Summers devised to Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks lot 2, in block 108, and it was adjudged that the property belonging to the estate of said Sam Summers was released from any claim of the State on the payment of said inheritance tax. On the 26th day of January, 1924, Billy Hammock conveyed said lot to D. Hopson, and the latter conveyed it, on the 3d day of April, 1924, to Herman E. Heiden. Other facts in the case will be sufficiently stated or referred to under appropriate headings in the opinion. TheY chancellor found the issues in favor of the plaintiffs, and it was decreed that the cross-complaint of appellants should be dismissed for want of equity. It was further decreed that the title to the whole of said lot 2,- block 108, in the city of Little Rock, be quieted in Susie H. Heiden and Herman E. Heiden against all of the appellants. The case is here on appeal. W . A. Sing field, for appellant. Carmichael Hendricks and McMillen Scott, for appellee. • HART, C. J., (after stating the facts). It is •rst earnestly insisted that appellants were not entitled to maintain their cross-complaint because there is not sufficient proof that they were heirs at law of Sam Summers, who originally owned the property involved in this controversy. We do not agree with counsel in this contention. While there are contradictory statements in the ,testimony of the witnesses introduced by appellants to prove their relationship to Sam Summers, we think that, when the surrounding circumstances are considered, it is fairly deducible from the evidence that Sam Summers, Peter Sullivan and the fathers and mothers of the appellants were all children of Rebecca or Fairy. Bee Sullivan. It appears that all of the children of Fairy Bee Sullivan, except Peter Sullivan, were born in the State of Alabama, and were illegiti-
396 AKINs v. HEIDEN. 1177 mate.- Fairy Bee Stillivan came to Arkansas with her children and lived there with them and with her husband prior to and after 1867. Peter Sullivan was horn after she came • to Arkansas. All the children were recognized by Fairy Bee Sullivan and her husband, after they came to Arkansas, as their own children, although all of them, except Peter Sullivan, were children by other men. Under our • statute negroes cohabiting as husband and wife and recognizing each other as §uch were deemed lawfully married from the passage of an act approved February 6, 1867. See Crawford, & Moses' Digest, § 7040. We have construed this act to mean negroes who cohabit as husband and wife and recognize each other as such in the State of Arkan-, sas at the date the act was passed. Gre:qley v. Jackson, 38 Ark. 487; Wilson, v. Storthz, 117 Ark. 418, 175 S. W. -45; Black v. Youman,s, 120 Ark..209, 179 S. W. 335; .and Meekiins v. Meekins, 169 Ark. 265, 275 S. W. 337. As we have already seen, while there is some inconsistency in the testimony of the witnesses on this point, we are of the opinion that it fairly establishes the fact to be that Fairy Bee Sullivan and her husband recognized all their illegitimate children as their offspring in the State of Arkansas, where they were living on and prior to the 6th day of February, 1867. All the witnesses on this point were ignorant negroes, and it was to be -expected that their testimony would ibe somewhat vague as .to the dates of the births of.these various children. :s -) - It is next insisted that appellants are not entitled to maintain this action because the matter of the title to the property involved in this controversy was settled by the probate of the will of, Sam 'Summers, -and that the whole matter is now res judicata. We cannot agree with counsel in 'this contention. The -property involved in this lawsuit was not included in tho will of Sam Summers. It is true, as con i tended by counsel for -appellees, that there is a presumption _against partial intestacy; • but -the' will does hot- in any- sense refer to
ARK.] AKINS V. 'HEIDEN. 397 - the property in controversy, and it is very plain:from its terms that it was not intended to be included in the will. The principle of res judicata extends only to clues-. dons of fact and of law which were decided in a . former -suit or which might 'have been decided in tbat suit. Jenkins v. Jenkins, 144 Ark. 417, 222 . S. W. 714, and Howard-Sevier Rd. Imp. Dist..No. 1 v. .Hunt; 166 Ark. .62, .265 S. W. 517. . . " Pethr Sullivan and Lindsey'llicks contested the probate rif -the will of Sam Smnmers, btit later disthissed their' appeal.. from the order of the probate court probat-• ing the : will, and this left the will admitted to probate, arid,' 'the time of appeal haing expired, under the authority:of Jenkins v. Jenki , , 144 'Ark. 417,.222 S. W. '714, .the . probate of the will- was coriclusiVe as to all parties as to the property dispo'sed of in the will. The will did not prirport to dispose of the property in controversy;and no reference is made to it as being a part of the testator's estate.. Hence the . order admitting the will to probate did not in any manner affect the property ,in controversy, and any order made by the probate court. with: reference to it could in no sense :affect the rights of the persons . who claimed title to said property other--wise than as' heirs or legatees of Sam Summers: In other Wor4 the rights of . third parties could not be in issue by an Order admitting the wilt to probate.' -• It is next contended 'that the testimony of Peter SUllivan, .whicl; was introduced in- part for the purpose of establihing the 'relationship 'Cif appellants , to , :Sam Summers, was not Vompetent, becan'se at the . .time a guardian had been appointed for him as an insane per-;.son-: . The record Aows that the probate court on March -:2;1925, appointed a guardian.; for Peter' Stillivan as An insane person. .In June,.1926; an order was made restor— ing Peter .Sullivan-to the.managethent . of his own affairs. •Ris deposition' was'taken on June 22,1925, in this' case. -Ris : claimed that his testimony was ineompetent because at 'ithe time .there :was: an adiudication of insanity
398 AKINS V. HEIDEN. [177 against him by the appointment of a guardian on March 2, 1925. We cannot agree with counsel in this contention. The deposition of Peter Sullivan was read tw the chancery court, and, notwithstanding there existed an order of the probate court declaring him insane, the • chancellor might give such weight to his testimony as he deemed proper under the surrounding circumstances, and upon appeal this court will give such weight to his testimony as the surrounding circumstances as to his mental condition would indicate. In this connection it may be stated that Peter 'Sullivan was dead at the time the case was heard in the chancery court. When his ;testimony is read and considered in the light of the surrounding circumstances and in view of the matters about which he was testifying, we do not think that it can be said that his testimony is not entitled to any weight. On the other hand, it shows that he knew perfectly well what he was testifying about. Of course he was an ignorant, illiterate negro, but he seemed to understand what he was doing and what he was testifying about. We now come to a consideration of the claim of appellees to the property in question upon the evidence .introduced. This court is committed to the rule that an oral gift of land is not enforceable unless there is actual possession delivered, followed by the making of valuable improvements by the donee. Young v. Craw-ford, 82 Ark. 33, 100 S. W. 87; Brown v. Norvell, 96 Ark. 609, 132 S. W. 922; Murphy v. Graves, 170 Ark. 180, 279 S. W. 359 ; and Hunt v. Boyce, 176 Ark. 303, 3 S. W. (2d.) 342. The undisputed facts show that a house costing between- $12,000 and $15,000, which rents for $160 per month, was built upon the property involved in this controversy by the Heidens, who were the grantees by mesne conveyances of Lindsey Hicks and Peter Sulli-van; but the most serious question in the case is whether or not there is sufficient testimony to warrant a find-
ARK.] AKINS V. HEIDEN. 399 ing that there • was a parol gift of the land by Sam Summers to Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks. There was a general finding by the chancellor in favor of appel-lees, who were plaintiffs ; and the cross-complaint of appellants was dismissed for want of equity. In this view of the matter we do not know npon what theory the decision of the chancellor was based, but we presume that it was based upon• the theory that there was an oral gift •-of said lot 2, which is in controversy in •his case, by Sam Summers to Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks, whom 'he recognized as his brothers. Sam SuMmers had no children of his own, and it is apparent from the testimony of Peter Sullivan and from the other evidence in the case that he recognized Peter: *Sullivan : and Lindsey Hicks as his half-brothers. It does not appear that he had anything to do With his other- half-brothers and sisters, and the fact that none of them are given anything under his will tends to show that he did not intend them to have any of his property. Of course, if he died owning lot 2, which is in controversy, they would be entitled to their share of it. A careful consideration of .the testimony of Peter Stilivan, in the light of the attendant circumstances. leads us to believe that Sam Summers gave to Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks the property in controversy in his lifetime, and that Petei . ,Sullivan accepted the gift. It Will be remembered that the.will of Sam Summers was executed on the 10th day of January, 1919, and that he died on the first dO T of • the following month. Lot 2 in controversy • was entirely . omitted from' the will. No reference whatever was made to it. The will was_ written by , Scipio Jones. Jones . testified that Sam Summers told . him that Peter Sullivan and Lindsey, Hicks were his only heirs. He left each of them a lot in the city of Little Rbck. Sullivan and Hicks 'claimed to *own the lot, and scild it after Summers died, upon, tho. advice of Scipio jones, a colored lawyer. Sullivan, testified that he was not crazy. We copy from. his cross-exaniination the . following :
.400 AKINS. V. HEIpEN. [17.7 "Q. You say you were not crazy? A. No sir. Q. You deeded a half lot that you did not own? A. Lawyer Jones told me it was mine. Q.. Do you believe everything a colored lawyer tells you? A. No sir—no lawyer. Q. You sold that fellow that lot and gave him a deed to something you did not own, but you are not willing to give him a deed to half the lot you do own? A. No sir. You see I didn't know . anything about it except my brother told him it was his—brother Samuel Summers told me it was the first lot he bought in this• town; and we was sitting- in his house one day, • the Christmas before he died, and he showed me where the lines of that property ran—how far it ran in his house. He told Me this property would fall to his estate. Brother Summers told me that, and after he died lawyer Jones told me it fell to me, and by him telling me that it fell to me and my brother • telling me, I believed it was mine. My brother told me—I said, 'Now, brother, • I don't Understand -about no estate. What do you mean by estate?"You and •Bud—he called brother Lindsey Bud— Q. Samuel Summers told you the Christmas • before he died that he owned these two lots? A. That lot belonged to him—that he wasn't. going to will if to anybody. Q. That it was going to his estate? A. . Yes sir, he said estate; and I asked him who waS the estate; and- he said 'You and Bud'—he meant Bud Lindsey and Jones...told me, after his death, .that it belonged to me and my- brother, and that is the rea.son I thought it was mine. Q. How much did they pay you for 'that lot? A. They paid us $3,700, I believe.it was. Q. .You got half of it? A. .Yes sir." • We think it is fairly deducible from this testimoriy. that Sam Summers intended to give this property -to. his two brothers, and that he did give it to them \\filen he pointed out the lines of the property' on Christmas• about a month before he died. It is true that no improvements were made on the property until after the death of Summers, but we think it is fairly inferable that
ARK.] AKINS v. HEIDEN. 401 Summers intended to ,give . the property to bis brothers when he pointed out the lines of it on Christmas ,before he died, and that Peter Sullivan , accepted the gift. This view of • the matter is strengthened when we consider that, some ten days later,.Summers made a will and left other lots - to hid two. .brothers, and . never . attempted to dispose of the lot in. controversy: He- disposed of , all his other property- by his will. He recognized Peter : Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks atone of all his brothers and sisters and their children . as objects of his bounty, and it would seem that he did . not attempt to dispose of the lot in controversy in his will because he recognized that he had already given it to his brothers when he -had pointed out the lines of the property to Peter Sullivan, and that Peter Sullivan had, under the circumstances, accepted the gift in behalf of himself and brother. In this view of the matter there was a parol gift of the lot, followed by the making of valuable-improvements on it. This, under our decisions cited above, is enforceable. - The present suit was instituted on July 18, -1924. Sam Summers had died in Little Rock, Arkansas, on February 1, 1919. His will had been admitted to probate, and the 'property devised. under it had been taken charge of by the various. legatees. Upon the advice of . their lawyer, Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks claimed title to the lot in controversy, and Sold 'it to third parties, who made valuable improvements upon it. During-all this time appellants*made no claim Nilaf-ever to the property, Although . it is-inferable that they knew that Sam Summers had died, and must have known what property he owned. Tbus it ' will be -seen that all - the parties recognized that Sam Summers • had, given the lot in controversy to his half-brothers, Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks. It is fairly inferable from all the evidence introduced that he delivered the possession of ibis lot to Peter Sullivan when he pointed - out the lines of it
402 AKINS V. HEIDEN. [177 on Christmas before he died, and that Peter Sullivan accepted the lot as a gift from Sam Summers to himself and his 'brother, Lindsey Hicks, when the lines were pointed out to him. The property at that time was unimproved and was incapable of any other delivery and possession than pointing out the lines in the manner above indicated. To sum up, it may.be said that, though expreaed in varying phraseology, the general rule is that evidence necessary to establish a parol gift of land must be clear and unequivocal. Young v. Crawford, 82 Ark. 33. The statement of the donor was something more than a loose declaration of his intention or a casual conversation of his intention. As above stated, about ten days later he made a will, and devised all of his property except the lots in controversy, and told the attorney to leave it out of the will. This tended to show that the testator believed that he had already given the lot to his brothers. The conduct of the donees was equally positive and definite Peter Sullivan took the advice of an attorney, and then, in conjunction with his 'brother, Lindsey Hicks, conveyed the lot to one who erected a yaluable business house on it. The testimony shows that this was the desire of the testator. He had conveyed in his lifetime the north half of the lot to a person for the purpose of having a valuable business house erected on it. The deed contained an imperfect or indefinite description of the property. The grantee never carried out the intention of his grantor, but recon-veyed the lot to Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks, who deeded it to persons who subsequently carried out the intention of Sam Summers and did erect a valuable business h rm QP on the lot. In conclusion, we again say that we adhere to the rule laid down in the early case of Guynn v. McCauley, 32 Ark. 97, that chancery will not decree performance of a mere voluntary agreement. But, .when a donee enters into possession and makes valuable improve-
ARK.] AKINS V. HEIDEN. 403 ments on the land, the money thus expended on the faith of the gift is a consideration on which to ground • a claim for specific performance. This holding is in accord- with that of the Supreme Court of the United States in Neale v. Neale, 9 Wall. 1, where this language is used: "And equity protects a parol gift of land equally with a parol agreement to sell it, if accompanied .by possession, and the donee, induced by the promise to give it, has made valuable improvements on the property." Peter Sullivan was a witness for appellants, and they mainly relied on his testimony to show their rela.- tionship to Sam Summers; and he, Peter Sullivan, recognized them as children of the deceased, illegitimate brothers and sisters of Sam Summers, and as entitled to a share of his estate. His testimony, as 'quoted above, was brought out on cross-examination, and shows clearly, when the situation and condition of the parties are considered in the light of what followed in a few days, that there was a parol gift of the lot by Sam _Summers to Peter Sullivan and Lindsey Hicks, and that, induced by the belief that the lot belonged to them, they sold it to persons who erected a valuable 'business house upon it, in accordance with the expressed desire of Sam Summers. The result of our views is that the decision of the chancery court was correct, and it will be affirmed.
You are being directed to the most recent version of the statute which may not be the version considered at the time of the judgment.