NELSON V. STATE
ARK.] Cite as 344 Ark. 407 (2001) 407 Hilliard NELSON v. STATE of Arkansas CR 99-634 39 S.W3d 791 Supreme Court of Arkansas
Opinion delivered April 5, 2001 CRIMINAL LAW — INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL — TWO— PRONG TEST. — To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner must show first that counsel's performance was deficient, which requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed the petitioner by the Sixth Amendment; second, the petitioner must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense, which requires showing that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the petitioner of a fair trial; unless a petitioner makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction resulted from a breakdown in the adversarial process that renders the result unreliable.
NELSON V. STATE 408 Cite as 344 Ark. 407 (2001) [344 2. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — PROOF REQUIRED TO REBUT PRESUMPTION THAT COUNSEL'S CONDUCT FALLS WITHIN WIDE RANGE OF REASONABLE PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE. — A court must indulge in a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; the petitioner must show there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt, i.e., the decision reached would have been different absent the errors; a reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. 3. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — TOTALITY OF EVIDENCE CONSIDERED. — In making a determination on a claim of ineffectiveness, the totality of the evidence before the judge or jury must be considered. 4. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — DECISION TO CALL WITNESS — OUTSIDE PURVIEW OF RULE 37. — The decision of whether or not to call a witness is generally a matter of trial strategy that is outside the purview of Ark. R. Crim. P. 37; trial counsel must use his or her best judgment to determine which witnesses will be beneficial to his client. 5. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — ASSESSING DECISION NOT TO CALL WITNESS — MUST BE SUPPORTED BY REASONABLE PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT. — When assessing an attorney's decision not to call a particular witness, it must be taken into account that the decision is largely a matter of professional judgment that experienced advocates could endlessly debate, and the fact that there was a witness or witnesses who could have offered testimony beneficial to the defense is not in itself proof of counsel's ineffectiveness; nonetheless, such strategic decisions must still be supported by reasonable professional judgment. 6. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — DECISION TO CALL WITNESS — TRIAL TACTICS. — Decisions involving which witnesses to call to benefit a case lie purely within the realm of counsel's trial tactics. 7. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — BARE ALLEGATION THAT WITNESS COULD HAVE BEEN CALLED INSUFFICIENT. — A bare allegation that there are witnesses that could have been called on petitioner's behalf will not support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 8. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — DECISION NOT TO CALL WITNESS NOT SHOWN TO BE PROFESSIONALLY UNREASONABLE — TRIAL COURT'S DECISION NOT CLEARLY AGAINST PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE. — Where, at the postconviction hearing, counsel testified that the witnesses appellant wanted called to testify were not going to provide the same information that appellant indicated, based on a
NELSON V. STATE ARK.] Cite as 344 Ark. 407 (2001) 409 thorough review of the record, it appeared that the witnesses would not have provided any evidence that would have changed the outcome of the trial, and the trial court found that appellant had failed to offer any evidence identifying any of the witnesses or their alleged testimony, appellant did not sustain his burden of proving that his attorney's strategic decision to refrain from calling those witnesses was professionally unreasonable; the trial court's decision was not clearly against the preponderance of the evidence because the decision by counsel was a matter of trial strategy. 9. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — FACTUAL SUPPORT REQUIRED FOR ALLEGATION. — When a petitioner under Rule 37 asserts that his counsel was ineffective, he is responsible for providing factual support for the allegation; counsel is presumed effective, and allegations without substantiation are insufficient to overcome the presumption. 10. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — PURPOSE OF RULE 37 — PETITIONER MUST PROVIDE FACTS TO SUPPORT HIS CLAIMS OF PREJUDICE. — The purpose of Rule 37 is not to debate the possible effect of counsel's conduct but to provide a remedy when a petitioner has suffered actual prejudice; the burden is on the petitioner to provide facts to support his claims of prejudice. 11. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — CONCLUSORY ALLEGATION NOT SUBSTANTIATED WITH FACTS. — Where appellant argued that counsel failed to have his DNA typed to be matched against the semen found on the victim without elaborating on how this alleged error prejudiced him or affected the outcome of his trial, the allegation was conclusory and was not substantiated with facts. 12. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — EVEN WITHOUT DNA EVIDENCE JURY COULD HAVE CONVICTED APPELLANT OF FIRST-DEGREE MURDER — TRIAL COURT'S DECISION THAT APPELLANT FAILED TO PRESENT EVIDENCE TO SHOW HOW DNA EVIDENCE WOULD HAVE TENDED TO EXONERATE HIM NOT CLEARLY ERRONEOUS. — Where there was no indication whether the DNA evidence would have been excul-patory or incriminating, and appellant was not convicted of capital-felony murder but was found guilty of the lesser included offense of first-degree murder, yet there existed sufficient other evidence for the jury to have convicted appellant of first-degree murder without the requested DNA evidence, the supreme court could not say that the trial court's decision that appellant failed to present evidence to show how DNA evidence would have tended to exonerate him was clearly erroneous. 13. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — MANNER OF QUESTIONING WITNESS MATTER OF TRIAL STRATEGY — SUCH MATTERS NOT GROUNDS FOR POSTCONVICTION RELIEF. — The manner of questioning a witness
NELSON V. STATE 410 Cite as 344 Ark. 407 (2001) [344 is by and large a very subjective issue about which different attorneys could have many different approaches; even if a decision proves unwise, matters of trial tactics and strategy are not grounds for post-conviction relief. 14. WITNESSES — JURY DETERMINES CREDIBILITY AS WELL AS WEIGHT & VALUE OF TESTIMONY. — It is the sole province of the jury to determine not merely the credibility of the witnesses, but the weight and value of their testimony 15. CRIMINAL LAW — CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — APPELLANT FAILED TO SHOW THAT OUTCOME OF TRIAL WOULD HAVE BEEN DIFFERENT HAD COUNSEL SUBMITTED EVIDENCE AT TRIAL. — Although the witness's credibility may have been adversely affected by evidence that rain fell on the day of the murder, counsel's failure to obtain such evidence was not so prejudicial that it tainted appellant's entire trial to the degree that the proceeding was unfair; there was no indication that the trier of fact would have resolved this credibility determination in appellant's favor; thus, appellant failed to demonstrate that the outcome of the trial would have been different had counsel submitted evidence at trial that it rained on the day of the murder. 16. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — CONFLICT OF INTEREST — WHEN PREJUDICE PRESUMED. — Prejudice will be presumed from a conflict of interest only when the defendant demonstrates that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer's performance; petitioner has the burden of proving a conflict of interest and showing its adverse effects; a petitioner is not entitled to relief under the Cuyler test unless he satisfies both prongs of the test; the prejudice must be real and have some demonstrable detrimental effect and not merely have some abstract or theoretical effect [Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 64 L. Ed. 2d 33, 100 S. Ct. 1708 (1980)]. 17. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — PETITIONER HAS BURDEN OF PROVIDING FACTUAL SUPPORT TO DEMONSTRATE THAT CONFLICT OF INTEREST ADVERSELY AFFECTED COUNSEL'S PERFORMANCE. — As with any claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner has the burden of providing factual support to demonstrate that the conflict of interest adversely affected counsel's performance. 18. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — PETITIONER DID NOT PROVIDE FACTUAL SUPPORT TO DEMONSTRATE THAT CONFLICT OF INTEREST ADVERSELY AFFECTED COUNSEL'S PERFORMANCE. — Petitioner failed to meet his burden of providing factual support to demonstrate that the conflict of interest adversely affected counsel's performance; there was no indication from the record that counsel refused to raise issues on appeal or that those
NELSON V. STATE
ARK] Cite as 344 Ark. 407 (2001) 411 issues had merit; thus, appellant failed to establish that an actual conflict existed. 19. APPEAL & ERROR — ISSUE NOT ARGUED BELOW — ISSUE NOT CONSIDERED. — Where appellant did not argue the issue below at the Rule 37 hearing but changed his grounds on appeal, and since if meritorious, the issue was not so fundamental that it would have voided the conviction, the supreme court would not consider it. 20. APPEAL & ERROR — NO AUTHORITY GIVEN TO SUPPORT ARGUMENT — ARGUMENT NOT REACHED. — Where the cases relied upon by appellant were inapplicable and appellant did not cite to any authority that extended due process protection for delays to postconviction proceedings, which are civil in nature, the supreme court declined to reach appellant's argument. Appeal from Desha Circuit Court; Don E. Glover, Judge; affirmed. Cross, Kearney, & McKissic, by: Jesse L. Kearny, for appellant. Mark Pryor, Att'y Gen., by: Mac Golden, Ass't Att'y Gen., for appellee. ER CURIAM. Appellant, along with Charles Colbert and P Ricky Dillard, was charged with the capital felony murder of Cheryl Franldin. Dillard agreed to be a state's witness, and appellant's case was severed from his co-defendants'. Appellant was convicted of the lesser included offense of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Arkansas Department of Correction. We affirmed the trial court's decision in Nelson v. State, 306 Ark. 456, 816 S.W2d 159 (1991). On January 22, 1993, appellant filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief. The trial court denied appellant's requested relief as untimely. In response to the trial court's decision, appellant sought habeas corpus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in federal court. The federal district court issued a conditional writ of habeas corpus that provided that a writ would issue within 120 days unless appellant was permitted to pursue postconviction relief in state court. Appellant was allowed to pursue postconviction relief, and the trial court eventually denied appellant's petition. This appeal followed. [1-3] To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner must show first that counsel's performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed the petitioner by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the petitioner must
NELSON V. STATE 412 Cite as 344 Ark. 407 (2001) [344 show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense, which requires showing that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the petitioner of a fair trial. Unless a petitioner makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction resulted from a breakdown in the adversarial process that renders the result unreliable. A court must indulge in a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. The petitioner must show there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt, i.e., the decision reached would have been different absent the errors. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. In making a determination on a claim of ineffectiveness, the totality of the evidence before the judge or jury must be considered. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984). First, appellant contends that counsel was ineffective for failing to subpoena witnesses to testify on appellant's behalf. We disagree. [4, 5] The decision of whether or not to call a witness is generally a matter of trial strategy that is outside the purview of Rule 37. State v. Dillard, 338 Ark. 571, 998 S.W2d 750 (1999); Helton v. State, 325 Ark. 140, 924 S.W2d 239 (1996). Trial counsel must use his or her best judgment to determine which witnesses will be beneficial to his client. Johnson v. State, 325 Ark. 44, 924 S.W2d 233 (1996). When assessing an attorney's decision not to call a particular witness, it must be taken into account that the decision is largely a matter of professional judgment that experienced advocates could endlessly debate, and the fact that there was a witness or witnesses who could have offered testimony beneficial to the defense is not in itself proof of counsel's ineffectiveness. Id. Nonetheless, such strategic decisions must still be supported by reasonable professional judgment pursuant to the standards set forth in Strickland. State v. Dillard, supra. [6-8] At the postconviction hearing, counsel testified that the witnesses appellant wanted called to testify were not going to provide the same information that appellant indicated. The trial court found that appellant had failed to offer any evidence identifying any of the witnesses or their alleged testimony. A bare allegation that there are witnesses that could have been called in the petitioner's behalf will not support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Decisions involving which witnesses to call to benefit a case lie purely within the realm of counsel's trial tactics. Tackett v. State, 284
NELSON V. STATE ARK.] C te as 344 Ark. 407 (2001) 413 Ark. 211, 680 S.W2d 696 (1984). Appellant has not sustained his burden of proving that his attorney's strategic decision to refrain from calling those witnesses was professionally unreasonable. Based on a thorough review of the record, it appears that the witnesses would not have provided any evidence that would have changed the outcome of the trial. We cannot say that the trial court's decision is clearly against the preponderance of the evidence because the decision by counsel was a matter of trial strategy. [9-11] Next, appellant argues that counsel failed to present blood evidence and failed to present evidence that would have contradicted the testimony of Mr. Dillard. Appellant contends that his attorneys never had his DNA typed to be matched against the semen found on the victim. Appellant does not elaborate further how this alleged error prejudiced him or affected the outcome of his trial. This is a conclusory allegation that is not substantiated with the facts. Long v. State, 294 Ark. 362, 742 S.W2d 942 (1988). When a petitioner under Rule 37 asserts that his counsel was ineffective, he is responsible for providing factual support for the allegation. Neff v. State, 287 Ark. 88, 696 S.W2d 736 (1985). Counsel is presumed effective. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, and allegations without substantiation are insufficient to overcome the presumption. Jeffers v. State, 280 Ark. 458, 658 S.W2d 869 (1993). The purpose of Rule 37 is not to debate the possible effect of counsel's conduct but to provide a remedy when a petitioner has suffered actual prejudice. Brents v. State, 285 Ark. 199, 686 S.W2d 395 (1985). The burden is on the petitioner to provide facts to support his claims of prejudice. Jones v. State, 283 Ark. 363, 767 S.W2d 738 (1984). [12] There is no indication whether this DNA evidence would have been exculpatory or incriminating. In addition, appellant was not convicted of capital-felony murder but was found guilty of the lesser included offense of first-degree murder. The state's proof showed that on the evening of January 20, 1990, the appellant, Colbert and Dillard were frequenting various drinking establishments. After a brief conversation in the parking lot of one of the clubs, Dillard gave Ms. Franklin some money in exchange for sex. Apparently, she wanted money so she could buy a "hit of crack." When the men left the establishment, Franklin and another woman got in the car. They took the other woman home, and then picked up another individual named Rita Lane. Lane, however, was subsequently let out when appellant and Lane got into an argument. The men and Franklin then drove to a secluded area where they could smoke some crack. Dillard testified that he departed the car and laid
NELSON V. STATE
414 Cite as 344 Ark. 407 (2001) [344 upon its front hood. He said that appellant got in the back seat and had oral sex with Franklin. Dillard stated that, during this period when appellant was in the car's back seat with Franklin, Dillard thought he heard appellant say that if Franklin would not have sex, they would leave her stranded. Dillard heard appellant and Franklin argue, and minutes later, Dillard heard three thumps on the back end of the car. Dillard looked through the back window of the car and saw Colbert with something in his hand making a wiping motion on the car's trunk. When Dillard walked to the rear of the car, he viewed appellant standing over Franklin with a piece of concrete in his hand, coming down towards her head. With this evidence before them, the jury could have convicted appellant of first-degree murder without the requested DNA evidence. Thus, we cannot say that the trial court's decision that appellant failed to present evidence to show how DNA evidence would have tended to exonerate him is clearly erroneous. In addition, appellant asserts that counsel failed to produce evidence that it was raining on the night in question and that such evidence would have contradicted Mr. Dillard's testimony that it had not rained. Appellant argues that such a contradiction of Mr. Dillard's testimony would have detracted from his credibility. In support of his argument, appellant submitted data at the Rule 37 hearing showing that 1.35 inches of rain fell on the day of the murder between 4:30 p.m. and 5:00 a.m. in the Dumas area. [13-15] The manner of questioning a witness is by and large a very subjective issue about which different attorneys could have many different approaches. Even if a decision proves unwise, matters of trial tactics and strategy are not grounds for post-conviction relief. Leasure v. State, 254 Ark. 961, 497 S.W2d 1 (1973). Mr. Dillard's credibility may have been adversely affected by evidence that rain fell on the day of the murder, but counsel's failure to obtain such evidence was not so prejudicial that it tainted appellant's entire trial to the degree that the proceeding was unfair. It is the sole province of the jury to determine not merely the credibility of the witnesses, but the weight and value of their testimony. Smith v. State, 308 Ark. 390, 824 S.W2d 838 (1992). With this issue, there is no indication that the trier of fact would have resolved this credibility determination in appellant's favor. Thus, appellant has failed to demonstrate that the outcome of the trial would have been different had counsel submitted evidence at trial that it rained on the day of the murder.
NELSON V. STATE ARK.] Cite as 344 Ark. 407 (2001) 415 For his third assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in failing to relieve counsel because of a conflict of interest. Appellant contends that after his trial he expressed his dissatisfaction with his trial counsel and that counsel failed to pursue certain issues on appeal. [16] We articulated the proper standard for reviewing ineffec-tive-assistance-of-counsel claims due to alleged conflicts of interest in Johnson v. State, 321 Ark. 117, 124, 900 S.W.2d 940 (1995): Prejudice will be presumed from a conflict of interest only when the defendant demonstrates that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer's performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984); Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 64 L. Ed. 2d 333, 100 S. Ct. 1708 (1980). Petitioner had the burden of proving a conflict of interest and showing its adverse effects. Dumond v. State, 294 Ark. 379, 743 S.W.2d 779 (1988). A petitioner is not entitled to relief under the Cuyler test unless he satisfies both prongs of the test. Salam v. Lockhart, 874 E2d 525, 527-28 (8th Cir. 1989) (citing Lightbourne v. Dugger, 829 F.2d 1012, 1023 (11th Cir. 1987), cert. denied 488 U.S. 934, 109 S. Ct. 329, 102 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1988)). The prejudice must be real and have some demonstrable detrimental effect and not merely have some abstract or theoretical effect. Simmons V. Lockhart, 915 E2d 372, 378 (8th Cir. 1990). [17, 18] As with any claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner has the burden of providing factual support to demonstrate that the conflict of interest adversely affected counsel's performance. See Neff v. State, 287 Ark. 88, 696 S.W2d 736 (1985); Smith v. State, 264 Ark. 329, 571 S.W2d 591 (1978). No such demonstration of a conflict of interest was shown. There is no indication from the record that counsel refused to raise issues on appeal or that those issues had merit. Thus, appellant has failed to establish that an actual conflict existed. [19] Appellant's fourth point on appeal challenges the trial court's failure to set aside his conviction because the trial court allowed the prosecutor to amend the charges prior to trial but after jury selection. As the State points out, appellant did not argue this issue below at the Rule 37 hearing but has now changed his grounds on appeal. Since it was not argued below, and since if meritorious, the issue is not so fundamental that it would void the conviction, we will not consider it. Pitcock v. State, 279 Ark. 174, 649 S.W2d 393 (1983).
416 [344 For his last point on appeal, appellant argues that he was denied due process because eight years passed between the time he filed his postconviction petition until he received a hearing. Appellant contends that this delay violated his due process rights, and he relies on the law set forth in Bliss v. State, 282 Ark. 315, 668 S.W2d 936 (1984), United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783 (1977), and United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307 (1971). Appellant's reliance on these cases is misplaced. [20] Lovasco and Marion stand for the proposition that the Due Process Clause plays a limited role in protecting against oppressive and lengthy preindictment delay. Here, appellant does not challenge any preindictment delay but delay between the time he filed his postconviction petition and the time his petition was acted upon. In addition, appellant has not cited to any authority that extends due process protection for delays to postconviction proceedings which are civil in nature. Based on the foregoing, we decline to reach appellant's argument. Affirmed.
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