LEE V. STATE 702 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 Ledell LEE v. STATE of Arkansas CR 99-1116 38 S.W3d 334 Supreme Court of Arkansas Opinion delivered February 22, 2001
1. ATTORNEY & CLIENT CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — STANDARD OF REVIEW. — The general standard for reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, as set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), is that defendant must show first,
that counsel's performance "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness," and se'cond, that the errors "actually had an adverse effect on the defense.'
2. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — POSTCONVICTION RELIEF — WHEN DENIAL OF WILL BE REVERSED. — The supreme court will not reverse the trial court's denial of postconviction relief unless the trial court's findings are aearly against the preponderance of evidence.
3. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — PRESUMPTION THAT COUNSEL'S CONDUCT IS REASONABLE — BURDEN OF PROOF. — There is a strong presumption that trial counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; a petitioner has the burden of overcoming this presumption by identifying specific acts or omissions of trial counsel that, when viewed from counsel's perspective at the time of the trial, could not have been the result of reasonable professional judgment.
4. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — POSTCONVICTION RELIEF — TRIAL TAC-TICS & STRATEGY NOT GROUNDS. — Matters of trial tactics and strategy aie not grounds for postconviction relief.
5. APPEAL & ERROR — DEFENDANT MAY NOT FRUSTRATE PROCESS OF JUSTICE BY OWN ACTIONS. — A defendant cannot be allowed to abort or frustrate the proceis of justice by his own actions.
6. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST WAIVED . ISSUE COULD NOT BE RAISED AGAIN IN PETITION FOR
LEE V. STATE ARK. ] Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 703 POSTCONVICTION RELIEF. — Appellant had previously expressed in clear terms why he believed that he and the public defender's counsel had a conflict of interest, but he had also intelligently and voluntarily waived any such conflict; the claimed conflict was asserted before trial, but appellant did not raise the issue again until he filed his petition for postconviction relief; because appellant had waived the alleged conflict of interest prior to his trial and he failed to raise the issue on direct appeal, the supreme court refused to consider appellant's arguments on this point.
7. APPEAL & ERROR — POSTCONVICTION RELIEF — DECISION NOT TO CALL PARTICULAR WITNESS IS LARGELY MATTER OF PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT. — An attorney's decision not to call a particular witness is largely a matter of professional judgment; the fact that there was a witness or witnesses who could have offered testimony beneficial to the defense is not, itself, proof of counsel's ineffectiveness; Ark. R. Crim. P 37 does not provide a forum to debate trial tactics or strategy, even if that strategy proves improvident.
8. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — DECISION NOT TO CALL WITNESSES CLEARLY STRATEGIC — APPELLANT'S BELATED DISAGREEMENT WITH ATTORNEYS' DECISIONS ON CALLING WITNESSES COULD NOT SERVE AS BASIS FOR GRANTING POSTCONVICTION RELIEF. — In deciding not to call two witnesses, trial counsel weighed the options and clearly made strategic, tactical decisions, based in large part on their experiences with having already tried the case the first time around; in addition, after the State rested, the trial judge spoke to appellant and his counsel, and appellant confirmed that he and his family cOncurred in the decision to rest at the conclusion of the State's case; it was clear that trial counsel made a strategic call with which appellant agreed; his belated disagreement with his attorneys' decisions on calling witnesses could not serve as a basis for granting postconviction relief.
9. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — DECISION NOT TO INTRODUCE EVIDENCE CLEARLY STRATEGIC — NO BASIS FOR RULE 37 RELIEF — Where appellant's counsel chose not to present evidence that appellant had an income and so had no need to rob the victim, because he did not believe it was a very good explanation of why appellant did not commit the murder, especially since , the State's proof reasonably and inferentially showed that appellant had spent a $100 bill that had been in the victim's possession at the time she was murdered, this was a question of trial strategy, which could not serve as the basis for relief under Ark. R. Crim. P 37.
10. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — DECISION NOT TO INTRODUCE EVIDENCE CLEARLY STRATEGIC — NO BASIS FOR RULE 37 RELIEF. — Where
counsel, in his closing argument, emphasized testimony of two witnesses who had stated that they did not see blood on appellant shortly after the murder, there was little else defense counsel could
LEE 14 STATE 704 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 have done to highlight the absence of blood on appellant's clothing, short of opening the door to genuinely damaging testimony about blood on the jacket appellant was seen wearing on the day of the murder; once again, this was a matter of trial tactics and provided no ground for relief under Ark. R. Crim. P. 37. 11 ATTORNEY & CLIENT — DECISION NOT TO INTRODUCE EVIDENCE CLEARLY STRATEGIC — NO BASIS FOR RULE 37 RELIEF. — During the Ark. R. Crim. p 37 hearing, counsel testified that he had not cross-examined a previous victim of appellant more vigorously during the penalty phase because the State's next witness was going to present records from that victim's rape trial that showed that appellant was convicted of raping and kidnapping her, and since the jury was going to find out from the next witness that appellant had been convicted of rape, counsel stated that it would only have made the jury angry to "argue with the victim" about details of the rape case; he was able, however, to cross-examine the victim and show that her identification of appellant as being her assailant was wrong; this was a tactical decision by counsel, which did not provide grounds for relief under Ark. R. Crim. P. 37.
12. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — ARGUMENT CONCLUSORY & DISREGARDED OTHER PROOF — NO BASIS FOR RULE 37 RELIEF. — Where appellant contended that counsel's strategy was "objectively unreasona-ble," but beyond that, he only offered a bare assertion that "but for counsel's failure, there is a reasonable probability that the jury would have found this aggravator lacking," this statement . was not only conclusory, but also it disregarded the fact that even without that particular rape as an aggravator, there was still evidence of the two other rapes and the fact that the victim's murder was committed for pecuniary gain; thus, it was not likely that, in the absence of this aggravating factor, the jury would not have imposed the death penalty.
13. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — POSTCONV1CTION RELIEF — EVEN IMPROVIDENT TRIAL TACTICS OR STRATEGY NOT DEBATABLE UNDER RULE 37. — Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 37 does not provide a forum to debate trial tactics or strategy, even if that strategy proves improvident.
14. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — CROSS—EXAMINAT1ON OF WITNESS — UNEXPECTED RESPONSE NOT BASIS FOR RULE 37 RELIEF. — Coun-sel's cross-examination of the State witness was not a basis for Ark. , R. Crim. P 37 relief even though the witness unexpectedly made an in-court identification of appellant as being her assailant.
15. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — CLAIM OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — • COUNSEL NOT REQUIRED TO RAISE EVERY NOVEL ISSUE THAT MIGHT • EXIST. — Counsel was not ineffective for failing to offer, as a • mitigating circumstance, the fact that the State had made him an offer of life imprisonment without parole in exchange for a guilty
LEE 1). STATE ARK. Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 705 plea; counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for not raising every novel issue that might conceivably be raised.
16. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — POSTCONVICTION RELIEF — SEEKING CHANGE OF VENUE IS MATTER OF TRIAL STRATEGY. — The decision of whether to seek a change of venue is largely a matter of trial strategy and therefore not an issue to be debated under the Arkansas .postconviction rule; to establish that failure to seek a change in venue amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must offer some basis on which to conclude that an impartial jury was not empaneled.
17. JURY — JURORS PRESUMED UNBIASED — BURDEN OF PROVING OTHERWISE. — Jurors are presumed unbiased, and the burden of demonstrating actual bias is on the petitioner.
18. JURY — RIGHT TO FAIR TRIAL NOT PERFECT ONE. — A defendant is not entitled to a jury totally ignorant of the facts of a case, and he is not entitled to a perfect trial, only a fair one.
19. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — DECISION NOT TO REQUEST CHANGE OF VENUE MATTER OF TRIAL STRATEGY — NO BASIS FOR RULE 37 RELIEF. — In addition to the fact that appellant did not present any evidence that any juror was actually prejudiced, there was also testimony of counsel that he and the rest of the defense team considered filing a motion for change of venue, but decided that their chances would probably be better in Pulaski County, as opposed to Perry County, the only • other county in the Sixth Judicial District; this was a question of trial strategy, and it did not provide a basis for relief under Ark. R. Crim. P. 37.
20. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — QUESTIONS ABOUT DRUG USE PURSUED TO DISCREDIT WITNESS — TRIAL STRATEGY NOT BASIS FOR RULE 37 RELIEF. — Counsel's pursuit Of questions about the witness's, and therefore . appellant's, drug use in order to discredit the witness's
testimony was clearly a matter of trial strategy; counsel balanced alternatives and concluded that attacking the witness's credibility as a drug user would result in more good than the harm that could occur by opening the door to appellant's drug use; the fact that a choice of trial strategy later proves improvident does not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel.
21. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — NO PREJUDICE SHOWN IN SITUATION WITH JUROR — BURDEN OF PROVING INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE NOT MET. — Where a juror was seen leaving the judge's chambers during jury deliberations, neither appellant's counsel nor any other witness testified as to what occurred in the judge's chambers, and the judge testified during the Ark. R. Crim. P. 37 hearing, but appellant did not ask him about the juror, appellant failed to even attempt to show prejudice in his counsels' not seeking a mistrial in this situation, and so failed to meet his burden under. Strickland v. Washington.
LEE V. STATE 706 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 , 22. JURY — SELECTION — USE OF VOTER REGISTRATION RECORDS. — The supreme court has long upheld the use of voter registration records for jury selection.
23. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — WHEN FAIL-URE TO RAISE OBJECTION DOES NOT CONSTITUTE. — It is not ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to raise an objection when there is no chance it will be sustained.
24. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — APPELLANT FAILED TO SHOW PREJUDICE INEFFECTIVE-ASSISTANCE CLAIM NOT MET. — Where appellant failed to argue how he was prejudiced by his counsels' actions with respect counsels' purported failure to support their motion to prohibit use of voter registration records to select the jury panel, and he did not assert that he was prejudiced, let alone attempt to demonstrate how he might have been prejudiced, he failed to meet the Strickland test's requirement that the defendant show that "the defi
cient performance prejudiced the defense," and this point as such presented no grounds for relief.
25. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — APPELLANT FAILED TO SHOW INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE IN FAILURE TO INVESTIGATE RELATIONSHIP — CLAIM NOT MET. — Where counsel testified at the Ark. K. Crim. P. 37 hearing that they were not aware of the relationship between the judge and prosecutor and that no one associated with the State informed them that such a relationship might have existed, appel-lant's argument that he was entitled to relief because of trial coun-sels' failure to investigate the issue was without merit; appellant offered no evidence in support of his contention that this was an ‘`error so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment"; when his attorneys did not know about the relationship, it could not have been ineffective assistance for them to fail to investigate that relationship.
26. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — .FAILURE TO OBJECT DURING CLOSING ARGUMENT — WITHIN RANGE OF PERMISSIBLE PROFESSIONAL LEGAL CONDUCT. — Ordinarily, failure to object during closing argument is within the wide range of permissible professional legal conduct; experienced counsel in any case could disagree as to the influence a particular closing argument had on the jury's verdict; before a petitioner can prevail on an allegation that counsel was wrong in not objecting during closing argument, he must establish that he was denied a fair trial by the failure to object.
27. MISTRIAL — DRASTIC REMEDY — WHEN GRANTED. — Mistrial is a drastic remedy, to be granted only when there has been an error so
prejudicial that justice cannot be served by continuing the trial.
28. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — CHALLENGE TO DEATH SENTENCE — QUESTION POSED. — When a defendant challenges a sentence of death, the question is whether there is a reasonable probability that,
LEE v STATE ARK. Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 707 absent the errors, the sentencers would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.
29. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — FAILURE TO OBJECT DURING CLOSING ARGUMENT DID NOT CONSTITUTE INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — UNLIKELY THAT ADDITIONAL COMMENT WAS DETERMINING FACTOR IN JURY'S DECISION TO IMPOSE DEATH PENALTY. — Counsel testified that he would have objected to improPer remarks made during closing argument if he had heard the statement, but:since he did not hear the comment, his failure to object could not necessarily be labeled "trial strategy"; nonetheless, it was unlikely that, 'even if cOunsel had heard the staieinents and objected, the trial court would have granted a mistrial; given the nature and strong evidence of guilt the jury had already heard, both during the guilt phase and sentencing portion of appellant's trial,'it was unlikely that the additional comment, albeit an objectionable 'comment, was the determining factor in the jury's decision to impose the death penalty on appellant; although the prosecutor's statements were improper, 'When taken along with evidence already presented to the jury, there was not a reasonable probability that, absent these statements, the jury wonld not have sentenced appellant to death.
30. EVIDENCE — VICTIM-IMPACT EVIDENCE — USE OF APPROVED AT TIME OF TRIAL. — At the time of trial there 'existed authority that approved use of victim-impact evidence.
31. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — MERITLESS OBJECTION — DOES NOT CON-STITUTE INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL. — It is not ineffecfive assistance of counsel to fail to make a meritless objection.
32. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — FAILURE TO RAISE ISSUE TO SUPPORT OBJECTION DID NOT CONSTITUTE INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE — FAIL-URE TO RAISE MERITLESS ARGUMENT NOT 'BASIS FOR RELIEF. — Appellant's argument that counsel was ineffective fo' r failing to raise the relevancy issue to support their objection to the State's use of victim-impact evidence on direct appeal failed to mention that at the time of his trial, there was already authority that approved the use of victim-impact evidence; it was therefore likely that, even if counsel had made such an objection, the . trial court would have rejected it on the basis of the supreme court's other opinions approving use of victim-impact testimony; the arginnent did not present a basis for relief.
33. ATTORNEY & CLIENT — INEFFECTIVE-ASSISTANCE CLAIM — COUN-SEL NOT INEFFECTIVE FOR FAILING TO RAISE NOVEL CLAIM. — Where the supreme court had pieviously found no reason why it . should' hold that imposition of the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment merely because there has been an extended passage of time between the crime and the punishment, even if appellant's atto'rneys had raised the challenge that the inordinate amount of
LEE V. STATE 708 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 time condemned inmates spend on death row violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, there was no indication that the trial court would have granted it or even considered it; it would have been a novel claim, which counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise.
34. APPEAL & ERROR — FAILURE TO RECUSE — ISSUE SHOULD HAVE BEEN RAISED ON DIRECT APPEAL. — A trial judge's failure to recuse is an issue that should be raised on direct appeal.
35. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — POSTCONVICTION RELIEF NOT WAR-RANTED — SUPREME COURT DEFERRED TO TRIAL COURT'S DETER-MINATIONS OF CREDIBILITY ON RULE 37 APPEAL. — The Ark. R. Crim. P 37 court heard testimony from parties on both sides of the issue, and concluded that appellant had not proven that there was in fact a relationship between the judge and prosecutor at the time of appellant's trial; having seen and heard both witnesses at the Rule 37 hearing, that court made a credibility determination and concluded that the existence of a relationship prior to October of 1995, when appellant was tried, had not been proven; the supreme court defers to a trial court's determinations of credibility on Rule 37 appeals, and therefore, this assertion did not warrant the granting of relief.
36. APPEAL & ERROR — CUMULATIVE ERROR — WHEN REVERSAL BASED ON APPROPRIATE. — A reversal of a conviction based on cumulative error is only appropriate in rare and egregious cases; the defendant must identify errors committed during the trial that would justify relief under the cumulative-error doctrine, either at trial or on appeal.
37. APPEAL & ERROR — CUMULATIVE ERROR NOT SHOWN — REQUEST FOR RELIEF DENIED. — Where appellant did not identify any errors committed during trial or on appeal; rather, he maintained in a conclusory fashion that he was entitled to relief, such conclusory allegations could not be a basis for relief; appellant did not demonstrate that his counsels' performance was so deficient as to fail under the Sixth Amendment, and thus, his request for relief on this point was denied.
Appeal from Pulaski Circuit Court; John Langston, Judge; affirmed.
Craig Lambert, for appellant. Mark Pryor, Att'y Gen., by: James R. Gowen, Jr., Ass't Att'y Gen., for appellee.
OM GLAZE, Justice. Ledell Lee was convicted and sen-T tenced to death for the 1993 capital murder of Jackson-
LEE V. STATE ARK. Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 709 vale resident Debra Reese; that conviction was affirmed by this court in Lee v. State, 327 Ark. 692, 942 S.W2d 231 (1997). Lee subsequently filed a petition for postconviction relief pursuant to
Ark. R. Crim. P. 37, alleging that his trial attorneys, Bill Simpson, Bret Qualls, and Dale Adams, had rendered ineffective assistance of counsel. The trial court denied the petition, and on appeal, Lee raises sixteen points for reversal.
[1] The general standard of review for reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, as set forth in Strickland v. Washing-ton, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), has been stated many times. A defendant must show first, that counsel's performance "fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness," Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, and second, that the errors "actually had an adverse effect on the defense." Id. at
693.
[2-4] We have repeatedly held that we will not reverse the trial court's denial of postconviction relief unless the trial court's findings are clearly against the preponderance of the evidence. Nor-man v. State, 339 Ark. 54, 2 S.W3d 772 (1999). There is a strong presumption that trial counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and a petitioner has the burden of overcoming this presumption by identifying specific acts or omissions of trial counsel which, when viewed from counsel's perspective at the time of the trial, could not have been the result of reasonable professional judgment. Id. (citing Wainwright v. State, 307 Ark. 569, 823 S.W2d 449 (1992); Dumond v. State, 294 Ark. 379, 743 S.W2d 779 (1988)). Furthermore, matters of trial tactics and strategy are not grounds for postconviction relief. Id. (citing Vickers v. State, 320 Ark. 437, 898 S.W2d 26; Leasure v. State, 254
Ark. 961, 497 S.W2d 1 (1973)). This latter principle is of particular importance in this case, as it is applicable and disposes of several of Lee's points.
Lee's first argument on appeal is that his Sixth Amendment right to conflict-free counsel was violated because the trial court refused to relieve Simpson and Qualls of the Pulaski County Public Defender's Office and appoint him new counsel. To better understand his arguments, a discussion of the facts leading up to Lee's trial is necessary After Lee was charged with Reese's murder, he quickly became a suspect in several other crimes that had occurred in the Jacksonville area. He was eventually charged with a second
LEE v. STATE 710 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 capital murder and with three counts of rape. Of the charges pending against him, the Reese murder was assigned to Pulaski County Circuit Court, Second Division; the other capital murder case was assigned to Seventh Division; and the three rape cases were assigned to First Division. Public Defender attorneys Simpson and Qualls were appointed to represent Lee in all five of these cases.
Lee was first tried for the murder of Debra Reese in 1994, and that trial ended in a hung jury; at the time, the other murder case and all three rape cases were still pending. On February 17, 1995, Lee, acting pro se, represented to First Division Judge Marion
Humphrey that a conflict of interest existed between himself and his attorneys, and he requested that Simpson and Qualls be relieved as counsel in the First Division rape cases. Lee also voiced dissatisfaction with Simpson's and Qualls's refusals to call certain witnesses in his Second Division capital murder case; he also was upset because, after obtaining the mistrial in the Reese case, Simpson stated that Lee should have gotten the death penalty After hearing Lee's and Simpson's testimony, but without articulating his reasons, Judge Humphrey found that a conflict existed. The judge granted Lee's request to relieve Simpson and Qualls from the First Division rape cases; he then appointed Dale Adams to represent Lee in the three rape cases.
After being removed from the First Division cases, Simpson filed motions in Second and Seventh Divisions, asking to be relieved in those murder cases as well. He argued that since a conflict had been found to exist in the First Division cases, a conflict necessarily existed in the Second and Seventh Division cases. Particularly, Simpson contended that the rape charges were going to be used against Lee in the murder trials — in Second Division, they would be introduced as aggravating factors during the penalty phase, and in Seventh Division, they would be used as evidence under Ark. R. Evid. 404(b).
On February 22, 1995, Second Division Judge Chris Piazza held a hearing on Simpson's and Qualls's motion to be relieved, and at the hearing's conclusion, Judge Piazza ruled that the conflict in First Division was "not going to affect this division. . . . Judge Humphrey cannot declare there is a conflict up there and have any bearing on this case." Another hearing was held on March 8, 1995, at which time Lee argued that he wished to have the Public
LEE V. STATE ARK. Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 711 Defender attorneys removed from his case because they would not communicate with him, nor would they handle the case to his liking. Judge Piazza again refused to relieve Simpson or Qualls.
A third hearing was held on March 23, 1995. Simpson noted that there would be a problem of inconsistent strategies if he was required to continue representing Lee in the Second Division murder case. Once again, Judge Piazza refused to recognize that a conflict existed, and denied defense counsels' motion to be relieved. At yet another hearing on April 21, 1995, Simpson pointed out that he had received a copy of a complaint, bearing no file mark, which purportedly was a civil lawsuit against him by Lee. Simpson submitted that this complaint appeared to put him in a direct adversarial position with Lee. Simpson also asserted that Lee had refused to discuss the case or cooperate in any way the last two times they had attempted to visit about the case. Lee responded that he did not trust Simpson or Qualls. Judge Piazza, commenting on Lee's "pattern of obstruction," refused to find a conflict and again declined to relieve Simpson and Qualls.
Simpson subsequently filed a petition for writ of certiorari with our court on April 25, 1995, alleging that there was "an intolerable conflict between himself and [Lee]" and asking us to order Judge Piazza to relieve him and Qualls as defense counsel in the Second Division murder case. Our court, presented with only a partial record, declined to hold that Judge Piazza had "committed a plain, manifest, clear, great, or gross abuse of discretion in refusing to relieve the public defender." Simpson v. Pulaski County Circuit Court, 320 Ark. 468, 899 S.W2d 50 (1995).
Lee's Second Division murder trial was set for May 15, 1995. At a pretrial hearing on May 12, Judge Piazza agreed to appoint Dale Adams to represent Lee during the penalty phase of his trial. At that point, the following colloquy was had between Lee, Simp-son, Qualls, Adams, Holly Lodge (the deputy prosecutor), and Judge Piazza:
THE COURT'. [Speaking to Lee] It is my understanding that Mr. Adams and Mr. Simpson have conferred with you about this situa-tion, and it is my understanding that you intend to waive any conflict of interest and accept the situation as it exists. Is that correct?
MR LEE: Yes, it is.
LEE V. STATE 712 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 THE COURT: Mr. Adams, just for the record, you have discussed this with Mr. Lee? MR ADAMS: Yes I have, Your Honor. I have talked with him. Mr. Simpson has talked with him about what he is doing is waiving any possible error that might be in the trial by having me involved in this. It is his statement that this is what he wants to do as
long as we get it continued until sometime this fall where I will have sufficient time to prepare the mitigation.
THE COURT: As far as any error in dealing with the conflict of interest? MR. ADAMS: Yes, that's correct. THE COURT: Mr. Simpson, that's your understanding also? MR. SIMPSON: Yes, Your Honor. THE COURT: That's your understanding, Mr. Lee? MR LEE: Yes, it is. Ms. Lodge: Mr. Lee, you are peectly satisfied with Mr. Simpson defending you in the guilt phase of this trial?
MR LEE: Yes, I am. Ms LODGE: Your Honor, I want to make sure the record is clear there's not any coercion here, anything like that going on. This isn't an ultimatum. This is a voluntary intelligent choice. We are not putting him in a predicament, it is this or nothing. I want this amply clear this is a voluntary choice at this point, something we can stick with when he changes his mind two weeks from now.
THE COURT: Mr. Lee, you understand that? MR LEE: Yes, I understand. THE COURT: This is a free and voluntary choice on your part? MR LEE: Yes, it is. Ti-iE COURT: I have a feeling there's nothing you ever do that's not free and voluntary. I want to make sure that's on the record. I will make a docket entry showing Mr. Adams appointed for the penalty phase. Mr. Lee has waived the conflict of interest, and the Public Defender will continue in this case.
LEE tr. STATE - ARK. Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 713 (Emphasis added.) In accordance with everyone's agreement, Judge Piazza then continued Lee's trial to October 9, 1995. Immediately prior to the beginning of trial, Lee attempted to reassert his conflict-of-interest argument, and again generally argued that he and Simpson had a conflict and that he was not satisfied with Simpson. Lee added that, when he previously sought a writ of certiorari from this court due to the alleged conflict-of-interest issue, Judge Piazza improperly sent a letter to Chief Justice Jack Holt stating that Lee's petition should be denied.' Judge Piazza ruled that Lee had waited until the day of trial to once again raise the issue and that Lee's actions were "ridiculous." The case then proceeded to trial, with Simpson and Qualls representing Lee in the guilt phase of the trial, and Adams handling voir dire and the sentencing phase for Lee. The jury convicted Lee of capital murder and sentenced him to death by lethal injection.
[5] On appeal, Lee argues that, pursuant to Holloway v. Arkan-sas, 435 U.S. 475 (1978), Judge Piazza had a duty to either relieve Simpson and Qualls, or take "adequate steps" and conduct a "searching review [and] thorough inquiry" into the assertions that a conflict existed. He contends that Holloway mandates an automatic reversal when an actual conflict exists which had an adverse effect on counsel's performance. The difficulty with Lee's argument, however, is that he clearly waived any conflict of interest that might have existed. Lee explicitly stated that he was satisfied with Simpson and Qualls defending him in the guilt phase of the trial, and he expressed to the court that his waiver of any conflict of interest was a free and voluntary choice on his part. Although Lee attempted to raise the issue again before his second trial started, we have held that a defendant cannot be allowed to abort or frustrate the process of justice by his own actions. See Morgan v. State, 308 Ark. 627, 826 S.W2d 271 (1992).
[6] Here, Lee had previously expressed in clear terms why he believed he and the public defender's counsel had a conflict of interest, but he also intelligently and voluntarily waived any such
' While the record reflects Judge Piazza wrote Chief Justice Holt a letter, the letter was hardly an ex parte missive since copies were furnished to all counsel and also all circuit judges with the expressed purpose of obtaining counsel to represent Judge Piazza on the conflict-of-interest issue then pending before this court.
LEE V. STATE 714 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 conflict, which he had every right to do. 2 Moreover, in Myers v. State, 333 Ark. 706, 972 S.W2d 227 (1998), we held that where the defendant declared that he was satisfied with the services rendered by his attorney, and the alleged conflict of interest was not brought to the attention of the court until the Rule 37 petition, the conflict was waived. Here, of course, the claimed conflict was asserted before trial, but Lee did not raise the issue again until he filed his petition for postconviction relief. Because Lee waived the alleged conflict of interest prior to his trial and he failed to raise this issue on direct appeal, we refuse to consider Lee's arguments on this point now.
Lee's second point on appeal 3 is that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call a number of alibi witnesses who had testified at his first trial. Specifically, Lee contends that his counsel, Mr. Qualls, should have called Stella Young, Lee's mother, during the guilt phase, and that Dale Adams should have called Sheila Dodson, Lee's then-girlfriend, during the sentencing phase. At the Rule 37 hearing, both of these witnesses testified that they were present at the second trial and were available to testify consistently with the statements they made during the first trial, which resulted in a mistrial.
• When asked why he did not call Stella Young at the second trial, Qualls responded that he had considered it, and indeed had
2 We note that we have thoroughly read the record upon which Judge Humphrey ruled a conflict of interest existed between Lee and counsel Simpson and Qualls, but we are unclear of the reason(s) upon which the judge made his ruling. Because Lee waived whatever conflict could have existed, we need not reach the merits of whether a conflict of interest in fact occurred between Lee and his defense counsel. The standard for determining whether a defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel because of a conflict of interest was set out in Sheridan v. State, 331 Ark. 1, 959 S.W2d 29 (1998):
Prejudice will be presumed from a conflict of interest only when the defendant demonstrates that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer's per-formance. Petitioner has the burden of proving a conflict of interest and showing its adverse effects. A petitioner is not entitled to relief . . unless he satisfies both prongs of the test. The prejudice must be real and have some demonstrable detrimental effect and not merely have some abstract or theoretical effect.
Sheridan, 331 Ark. at 4-5 (quoting fromJohnson v. State, 321 Ark. 117, 900 S.W2d 940 (1995) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
Lee's brief actually contains only four numbered points on appeal. His second point actually consists of thirteen individual issues, which makes a total of sixteen points on appeal. For ease of reading, we will number his points one through sixteen.
LEE V. STATE ARK. Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 715 said during his opening statements that he would call her. How-ever, after discussing the situation with Simpson and with Lee, they agreed that they should not call any witnesses. Qualls also stated that he did not feel that Young's testimony had helped Lee before the jury at the first trial; in addition, he and Simpson felt that the State's case was not as strong during the second trial, and they did not want to put on any evidence that the State could attack or impeach.
Dale Adams was also questioned about his decision not to call Sheila Dodson. At sentencing at the second trial, the State introduced evidence that Lee had raped a Jacksonville woman. During the first trial, Adams had called Dodson to testify that she was on the phone talking to Lee at the time the rape was supposed to have occurred. However, Adams testified at the Rule 37 hearing that Lee and his family had "talked him into" putting Dodson on as a witness at the first trial, but after the trial was over, the prosecutor sardonically thanked Adams for having called Dodson, because her testimony allowed the State to introduce damaging rebuttal testi-mony. For this reason, Adams chose not to "make that mistake again" by calling Dodson in the second trial.
[7] This court has held that an attorney's decision not to call a particular witness is largely a matter of professional judgment, and the fact that there was a witness or witnesses who could have offered testimony beneficial to the defense is not, itself, proof of counsel's ineffectiveness. Helton v. State, 325 Ark. 140, 924 S.W2d 239 (1996) (citing Dumond v. State, 294 Ark. 379, 743 S.W2d 779 (1988)). Moreover, Rule 37 does not provide a forum to debate trial tactics or strategy, even if that strategy proves improvident. Id. (citing Watson v. State, 282 Ark. 246, 667 S.W2d 953 (1984)).
[8] In deciding not to call Young and Dodson as witnesses, trial counsel weighed the options and clearly made strategic, tactical decisions, based in large part on their experiences with having already tried the case the first time around. In addition, after the State rested, the trial judge spoke to Lee, Qualls, Simpson, and Adams, and commented that the attorneys had all conversed with Lee and his family and that they had concurred in the decision to rest at the conclusion of the State's case; Lee responded, "Yes sir, that's correct." The Court then asked, "You've discussed with them your right to testify and what the implications are?" Lee replied, "Yes sir." It is clear, then, that trial counsel made a strategic
LEE V. STATE 716 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 call with which Lee agreed. Lee's belated disagreement with his attorneys' decisions on calling witnesses cannot serve as a basis for granting postconviction relief. See Helton, supra.
[9] Lee's next contention is that trial counsel unreasonably failed to present testimony and evidence at trial that would have shown that he had an income and thus a lack of a motive to rob. When Debra Reese's body was found, her purse was missing money, thus one of the aggravators introduced at Lee's capital murder trial was that the murder was committed for pecuniary gain. Other evidence showed that Lee had made a payment on rental furniture at a Jacksonville Rent-A-Center with a $100 bill that was only two serial numbers away from another bill found in Reese's house. Lee argues now that counsel should have rebutted this robbery aggravator with evidence that he had an income earned from his job, and that he was to receive a tax refund in excess of $1,500.
Simpson testified at the Rule 37 hearing that, before the second trial, he had investigated and confirmed Lee's assertions that he bad money. Simpson chose not to present that evidence because he did not believe it was a very good explanation of why Lee did not commit the murder, especially since the State's proof reasonably and inferentially showed Lee had spent a $100 bill that had been in Reese's possession at the time she was murdered. Again, this is a question of trial strategy, which cannot serve as the basis for relief under Rule 37. See Dunham v. State, 315 Ark. 580, 868 S.W2d 496 (1994). For his fourth point, Lee argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to highlight the absence of blood on his person or clothing. Lee argues that Qualls failed to call attention to the fact that two witnesses testified that they saw Lee shortly after the murder was alleged to have happened, and neither of them saw blood on his clothing. Lee claims that this testimony, coupled with the crime scene photos, which showed that it was a very bloody murder, would have helped exonerate him, and that his attorneys were therefore ineffective in failing to present it.
[10] Andy Gomez and Glenda Pruitt were the two witnesses who testified that they did not see blood on Lee shortly after the murder. In his closing argument, Simpson emphasized the point
LEE V. STATE ARK. I Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 717 that neither of these witnesses saw blood on Lee.: "Did Mr. Gomez . . . see any blood on this black male[?] . . . . [He said] 'No I didn't.' . . . Glenda Pruitt, who said she got within two feet of him, Did you see any blood on [Lee]?"No, no blood.' She and Andy Gomez both say there's no blood." It is difficult to see what else defense counsel could have done, short of opening the door to genuinely damaging testimony about the blood on the jacket Lee was seen wearing on the day of Reese's murder. Once again, this is a matter of trial tactics, and provides no ground for relief.
In addition, Simpson testified at the Rule 37 hearing that he and Qualls wanted to keep out the fact that Lee had a small amount of blood on his shoes, and that they had considered showing Lee's jeans to the jury, to demonstrate that they did not have blood on them. However, he said that they did not want to open the door about the fact that Lee had blood on his shoes. Simpson stated that "[s]howing [the jeans] to the jury and pointing out the absence of blood on these clothes might have opened the door to evidence of blood on Ledell's shoes[1" 4 In addition, Simpson noted that human blood had been found on a jacket that was similar to the one identified by Andy Gomez (one of the witnesses Lee claims counsel should have examined further about the blood). That jacket was found being worn by Lee's mother the day of the murder, and it had blood on it. Simpson testified that he and Qualls had successfully excluded the evidence about the jacket with a motion in limine, and they did not want to take a chance of waiving their motion by introducing other blood evidence.
In his next point on appeal, Lee claims that Dale Adams was ineffective during the penalty phase for failing to challenge the State's aggravating circumstances. At sentencing, the State introduced evidence related to Lee's three rape charges, 5 on which Adams represented Lee in First Division. Lee assigns error to Adams's failure to 1) cross-examine J.P. as extensively as Adams did during the J.P. rape trial; 2) present proof that the hair and fingerprints taken from the scene of the L.D. rape did not match Lee's;
4 Although Simpson stated that he wanted to keep the shoes out of evidence, the shoes were in fact introduced as State's Exhibit 47, and Kermit Channel of the State Crime Lab testified that there was a pinhead-sized spot of human blood on the left shoe and a very small spot of blood on the right shoe. We read Simpson's remarks to mean that he wanted to avoid any additional emphasis on the fact that there was human blood on the shoes. 5 We denominate these cases with the initials of the victims: IP, L.D., and A.S.
LEE V. STATE 718 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 and 3) avoid opening the door for an in-court identification by the third rape victim, A.S.
[11] First, Lee claims that Adams should have cross-examined J.P. more vigorously and pointed out inconsistencies in her testi-mony. During the Rule 37 hearing, Adams testified that he did not do so because the State's next witness was an employee of the circuit clerk's office, who presented the records from the J.P. rape trial that showed Lee was convicted of raping and kidnapping J.P. Because the jury was going to find out from the next witness that Lee had been convicted of rape, Adams stated that it would only have made the jury angry to "argue with the victim" about details of the rape case. He was able, however, to cross-examine J.P. and show that her identification of Lee as being her assailant was wrong when she described Lee as being only a couple of inches taller than J.P. This was a tactical decision by Adams, which once again does not provide grounds for relief under Rule 37.
[12] With respect to L.D., Lee argues that Adams mounted no defense at all to her testimony about her rape; in particular, Lee asserts that Adams should have presented exculpatory proof as well as cross-examined her as thoroughly as he had during the initial rape trial. During the murder trial, Adams questioned L.D. about her inability to identify her attacker. Nonetheless, Lee contends that Adams's strategy was "objectively unreasonable," but beyond that, he only offers a bare assertion that "but for counsel's failure, there is a reasonable probability that the jury would have found this aggravator lacking." This statement is not only conclusory, but also it disregards the fact that even without L.D.'s rape as an aggravator, there was still evidence of the two other rapes and the fact that Reese's murder was committed for pecuniary gain. Thus, it is not likely that, in the absence of this aggravating factor, the jury would not have imposed the death penalty. See, e.g.,Jones v. State, 340 Ark. 390, 10 S.W3d 449 (2000). [13, 14] Finally, Lee argues that Adams was ineffective in his cross-examination of State witness A.S. He asked A.S., "[Y]ou've never been able to identify the man that did this to you, have you?" Adams asked the question because A.S. had never previously identified anyone in a lineup or photo spread, and Adams thought he could show A.S. had never identified Lee as her attacker. However, A.S. unexpectedly made an in-court identification of Lee as being
LEE V. STATE ARK. I Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 719 her assailant. Certainly, Adams's strategy appeared reasonable, and we have held that Rule 37 does not provide a forum to debate trial tactics or strategy, even if that strategy proves improvident. Helton, 325 Ark. at 147.
[15] Lee's sixth argument is that counsel was ineffective for failing to offer, as a mitigating circumstance, the fact that the State had made him an offer of life imprisonment without parole in exchange for a guilty plea. In support of this contention, he cites Cook v. State, 369 So. 2d 1251 (Ala. 1978), which he describes as holding that an offer of life without parole constitutes a mitigating factor. That was not the holding in Cook. The statement to which Lee refers is found in a concurring opinion, which expresses that justice's opinion that the trial court should have considered the State's offer to the defendant as a mitigator. The majority holding in Cook makes no mention of this offer. Lee, however, asserts that defense counsel knew about this case and should have argued it. At the Rule 37 hearing, Dale Adams testified that he considered arguing this case and bringing up the offer as a mitigator, but he decided not to do so because he "[didn't] think that's a true mitigator. [Adams thought] it would have been objected to by the State and probably sustained by the Court." Counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for not raising every novel issue which might conceivably be raised. See Weaver v. State, 339 Ark. 97, 102, 3 S.W3d 323 (1999) (citing Ruff v. Armontrout, 77 F.3d 265 (8th Cir. 1996)).
Next, Lee contends that his attorneys were ineffective for failing to move to quash the jury panel, move for a mistrial, or seek some other remedial measure to counteract the pretrial publicity his case had engendered. However, although he presented evidence at the Rule 37 hearing that there was indeed a good deal of publicity, Lee failed to offer the testimony of any juror who might have said that he or she was in any way influenced or prejudiced by the publicity
[16-18] The decision of whether to seek a change of venue is largely a matter of trial strategy and therefore not an issue to be debated under our postconviction rule. Huls v. State, 301 Ark. 572, 785 S.W2d 467 (1990) (citing Neff v. State, 287 Ark. 88, 696 S.W2d 736 (1985)). To establish that the failure to seek a change in venue amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must offer some basis on which to conclude that an impartial jury
LEE V. STATE 720 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 was not empaneled. Id. Jurors are presumed unbiased, and the burden of demonstrating actual bias is on the petitioner. Id. (citing Linell v. State, 283 Ark. 162, 671 S.W2d 741 (1984); Jeffers v. State, 280 Ark. 458, 658 S.W2d 869 (1983)). A defendant is not entitled
to a jury totally ignorant of the facts of a case, id. (citing Richardson v. State, 292 Ark. 140, 728 S.W2d 189 (1987)), and he is not entitled to a perfect trial, only a fair one. Id. (citing Hoback v. State, 286 Ark. 153, 689 S.W2d 569 (1985)).
[19] In addition to the fact that Lee did not present any evidence that any juror was actually prejudiced, there was also the testimony of Simpson that he and the rest of the defense team considered filing a motion for change of venue, but decided that their chances would probably be better in Pulaski County, as opposed to Perry County, the only other county in the Sixth Judicial District. This is a question of trial strategy, and it does not provide a basis for relief under Rule 37.
Lee's eighth point on appeal is that counsel was ineffective for failing to object to certain testimony about Lee's alleged use of crack cocaine. Glenda Pruitt was called as a witness to testify that she had seen Lee around noon on the day of the murder, which was shortly after the murder occurred. Lee argues that it was ineffective for Qualls to fail to object when the State first questioned Pruitt about a conversation she had with Lee wherein he told her that he liked crack cocaine. In addition, Lee urges that Qualls only made matters worse when he pursued the line of questioning on cross-examination, when he asked her what she meant when she asked Lee, "Where's the fire?" 6 On redirect, in response to these ques-tions, the State asked Pruitt what she had said after Lee told her he preferred crack; she said that, when she asked him if he had it ‘`running all through [his] veins," he answered, "Yes, it is running all through me."
During the Rule 37 hearing, Qualls testified that he pursued these questions because he wanted to investigate Pruitt's own use of drugs in order to discredit her testimony He stated that he believed they "needed to attack the witness . . . by showing she's a drug user,
6 Pruitt's testimony had been that, as Lee hurried past her yard that morning, she asked him, "Where's the fire?" According to her, he responded, "Well, you are always asking me for weed" and "I told you, I don't like that." He then told her that he preferred crack cocaine.
LEE V. STATE ARK. ] Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 721 and in spite of all this coming in, we felt the benefit to be gained by attacking her as a drug user was worth the detriment, and we kind of expected the whole thing to come in once we got in it. But we felt like we should attack the woman on her drug use."
Once again, this is clearly a matter of trial strategy. Qualls balanced the alternatives and concluded that attacking Pruitt's credibility as a drug user would result in more good than the harm that could occur by opening the door to Lee's drug use. As noted above, the fact that a choice of trial strategy later proves improvident does not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel.
[20] Next, Lee accuses counsel of ineffective assistance in their failure to seek a mistrial when a juror was seen leaving the
judge's chambers during jury deliberations. The juror in question was seen entering the judge's chambers and exiting some fifteen to twenty minutes later. Stella Young testified at the Rule 37 hearing that when she informed Qualls about the juror's actions, he told her that the juror was merely using the telephone. Because the judge was seen exiting the chambers after the juror left, Lee concludes that there was improper contact between the juror and the judge, which should have resulted in a motion for mistrial. Additionally, he contends that he should be excused from having to show prejudice from this event because such a showing would be "impossible."
[21] Neither Young nor any other witness testified as to what occurred in the judge's chambers. Judge Piazza testified during the
Rule 37 hearing, but Lee did not ask him about the juror. Although Lee claims it is "impossible" to show prejudice in this situation, Lee could have easily asked Judge Piazza about the incident since the judge testified. Lee has failed to meet his burden under Strickland, and this point, too, must be rejected.
Lee's tenth point is that counsel unreasonably failed to support their motion to prohibit the use of voter registration records to select the jury panel. Prior to trial, Simpson and Qualls had filed such a motion, arguing that the use of voter registration records systematically underrepresented blacks, women, and other cognizable groups from service on jury panels. The trial court rejected the motion, saying that counsel had failed to support it with any expert testimony; this court affirmed that ruling on direct appeal. How-
LEE V. STATE 722 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 ever, in holding that Lee had failed to present any proof as to the number of African-Americans on every jury venire in Pulaski County, this court also went on to note that there was no possibility of systematic or purposeful exclusion of any group in the jury selection process, because it was an entirely random selection proce-dure. Lee, 327 Ark. at 699.
[22-24] Lee has simply failed to argue at all how he was prejudiced by his counsels' actions with respect to this issue. He has not asserted that he was prejudiced, let alone attempted to demonstrate how he might have been prejudiced. Thus, he has failed to meet the Strickland test's requirement that the defendant show that
"the deficient performance prejudiced the defense," and this point as such presents no grounds for relief. Moreover, this court has long upheld the use of voter registration records for jury selection. See, e.g., Mitchell v. State, 299 Ark. 566, 776 S.W2d 332 (1989). It is not ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to raise an objection when there is no chance it will be sustained. Catlett v. State, 331 Ark. 270, 962 S.W2d 313 (1998). [25] For his eleventh point, Lee argues that his attorneys were ineffective because they failed to investigate the personal relationship between Judge Piazza and Deputy Prosecuting Attorney Melody LaRue. Here, however, he concedes that Simpson and Qualls testified at the Rule 37 hearing that they were not aware of the relationship and that no one associated with the State informed them that such a relationship might have existed. Nevertheless, he urges that he is entitled to relief because of trial counsels' failure to investigate the issue. Once again, Lee offers no evidence that would support his contention that this was an "errorl] so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. When his attorneys did not know about the relationship, it could not have been ineffective assistance for them to fail to investigate that relationship.
Lee's twelfth point on appeal is that, during the penalty phase, counsel was ineffective for failing to object to improper closing remarks. After the penalty phase of Lee's capital murder trial, the prosecutor offered closing arguments in which she said that Lee "is a hunter. [Jacksonville] is his habitat. And his prey were the people of Jacksonville from 1990 to 1993. And the people of Jacksonville
LEE V. STATE ARK. Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 723 didn't even know they were being hunted. . . . He is a hunter." When Dale Adams offered his closing statements, he asked the jury "Who are we then to say that we are going to kill Ledell Lee?" The prosecutor then re-addressed the jury, saying "Mr. Adams . . . says, who are we, referring to us, I guess, referring to you specifically as jurors, who are we to determine when a life should be taken?
Ladies and gentlemen, I will tell you who we are. We are the hunted." Adams offered no objection during any of this.
Lee now argues that Adams's failure to object was ineffective; he points out that Adams agreed at the Rule 37 hearing that he should have objected, and would have if he had heard the state-ments, but he "just missed it." Lee contends that these remarks were "deliberately calculated to create intense fear in the mind of each and every juror." The judge hearing the Rule 37 petition ruled that these comments were indeed improper, but he concluded that it was not a comment which would have inflamed the passion of the jury to such a degree that the outcome of the proceeding would have been any different had the remark not been made, or had been objected to, and the jury admonished to disregard it. We cannot say that this conclusion is erroneous.
[26] Ordinarily, the failure to object during closing argument is within the wide range of permissible professional legal conduct. Sasser v. State, 338 Ark. 375, 993 S.W2d 901 (1999). This 'court has held that experienced counsel in any case could disagree as to the
influence a particular closing argument had on the jury's verdict. Hayes v. State, 280 Ark. 509, 660 S.W2d 648 (1983). Before a petitioner can .prevail on an allegation that counsel was wrong in not objecting during closing argument, he must establish that he was denied a fair trial by the failure to object. Id.
[27-29] Here, Dale Adams testified that he would have objected if he had heard the statement. Since he did not hear the comment, his failure to object cannot necessarily be labeled "trial strategy." Nonetheless, it was unlikely that, even if Adams had heard the statements and objected, the trial court would have granted a mistrial. Mistrial, of course, is a drastic remedy, to be granted only when there has been an error so prejudicial that justice cannot be served by continuing the trial. See, e.g., Kemp v. State, 324 Ark. 178, 919 S.W2d 943 (1996). Given the nature and strong evidence of guilt the jury had already heard, both during the guilt
LEE V. STATE 724 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 phase and the sentencing portion of Lee's trial, it is unlikely that the additional comment — albeit an objectionable comment — was the determining factor in the jury's decision to impose the death penalty on Lee. When a defendant challenges a sentence of death, "the question is whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentencers . . . would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. Although the prosecutor's statements were improper, when taken along with the evidence already presented to the jury, we do not believe there to be a reasonable probability that, absent these statements, the jury would not have sentenced Lee to death.
[30-32] Next, Lee argues that his attorneys were ineffective because they failed to advance "the correct theory" to support their objection to the State's use of victim-impact evidence. Lee submits that his attorneys should have argued that such evidence was irrelevant based on the concurring opinion in Lee v. State, 327 Ark.692, 942 S.W2d 231 (1997). That concurrence criticized the use of
victim-impact testimony, suggesting that while such evidence may be permissible, it still must be relevant before it is admissible. Lee now argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the relevancy issue on direct appeal. He does not mention, however, that at the time of his trial, there was already authority that approved the use of victim-impact evidence. See, e.g., Nooner v. State, 322 Ark. 87, 907 S.W2d 677 (1995); Watkins v. State, 320 Ark. 165, 895 S.W2d 532 (1995). It is therefore likely that, even if
counsel had made such an objection, the trial court would have rejected it on the basis of this court's other opinions approving the use of victim-impact testimony. It is not ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to make a meritless objection, Trimble v. State, 336 Ark. 437, 986 S.W2d 293 (1999), therefore, this argument does not present a basis for relief.
In the last of Lee's points alleging ineffective assistance of counsel during the guilt and sentencing phases of his trial, Lee contends that his attorneys should have raised an argument that the inordinate amount of time condemned inmates spend on death row violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. Citing Lackey v. Texas, 514 U.S. 1045 (1995), Lee urges that counsel unreasonably failed to raise this claim.
Lackey was a memorandum opinion, written by Justice Stevens
LEE V. STATE ARK. I Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) 725 upon the Supreme Court's denial of certiorari in an appeal raising the question described above. Justice Stevens opined that the claim was novel, but not without foundation, and he noted that the Court's denial of certiorari would leave the "important" issue
"undecided." (Emphasis added.)
[33] No Arkansas case has ever cited or approved the point mentioned in the Lackey opinion. We have decided one case that considered the length of time spent on death row, Hill v. State, 331 Ark. 312, 962 S.W2d 762(1998), but that opinion concludes that "We know of no reason why we should now hold that the imposition of the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment merely because there has been an extended passage of time between the crime and the punishment." Hill, 331 Ark. at 322-23. Thus, even if Lee's attorneys had raised the "Lackey challenge" urged by Lee, there is no indication that the trial court would have granted it or
even considered it. It would have been a novel claim, which counsel is not ineffective for failing to raise.
Lee's penultimate point on appeal is that he was denied due process and a fair trial by the trial court's refusal to recuse based upon his relationship with the deputy prosecuting attorney. He contends that testimony by Pat Piazza, the judge's ex-wife, established that the relationship between Judge Piazza and Melody LaRue began at least as early as 1995, and that, because of the relationship, Judge Piazza had a duty to recuse from Lee's trial.
[34, 35] We reject Lee's arguments for two reasons. First, the trial judge's failure to recuse is an issue that should have been raised on direct appeal. Second, however, the Rule 37 court heard testimony from parties on both sides of the issue, and concluded that Lee had not proven that there was in fact a relationship between Judge Piazza and Melody LaRue at the time of Lee's trial. Although Pat Piazza testified that the relationship began in 1995, Judge Piazza stated that his relationship with LaRue did not begin until the spring of 1996, after Lee's trial was over. Having seen and heard both witnesses at the Rule 37 hearing, that court made a credibility determination and concluded that the existence of a relationship prior to October of 1995, when Lee was tried, had not been proven. This court defers to a trial court's determinations of credibility on Rule 37 appeals, see Myers, 333 Ark. 706, 972 S.W2d
LEE V. STATE 726 Cite as 343 Ark. 702 (2001) [ 343 227, and therefore, this assertion does not warrant the granting of relief. [36, 37] Finally, Lee asserts that he is entitled to relief under the cumulative-error doctrine, because 1) defense counsel did not argue at trial that the cumulative effect of all the errors committed in those proceedings entitled him to relief; and 2) the cumulative effect of the errors committed by defense counsel in the guilt and penalty phase of his murder trial entitles him to relief. In Noel v. State, 331 Ark. 79, 960 S.W2d 439 (1998), this court held that a reversal of a conviction based on cumulative error is only appropriate in rare and egregious cases. There, the defendant had not identified any errors committed during the trial that would have justified relief under the cumulative-error doctrine, either at trial or on appeal. Consequently, the Noel court held that the defendant had not shown that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to
request relief from the trial court based on cumulative error, or to argue that theory on appeal. Here, likewise, Lee has not identified any errors committed during trial or on appeal; rather, he maintains in a conclusory fashion that he is entitled to relief. Such conclusory allegations cannot be a basis for relief. Sasser v. State, 338 Ark. 375, 993 S.W2d 901 (1999). As in Noel, we hold that Lee has not demonstrated that his counsel's performance was so deficient as to fail under the Sixth Amendment, and thus, we deny his request for relief on this point, as we do on all the others.
Affirmed.