ARK . ] ELLIS & LEWIS V. WARNER. 53 ELIAS & LEWIS V . WARNER. Opinion delivered October 7, 1929. 1. MAS rat AND SERVANT—INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR. — An independent contractor is one who, in the course of an independent occupation, prosecutes and directs the work himself, using his own methods to accomplish it, and represents the will of the employer only as to the result of his work. 2. MASTER AND SERVAN T—INDEPEN DENT CONTRACTOR—JURY QUES-PION .—W he the r a truck owner hauling crushed rock for a road contractor for so much a mile per ton, paying his own expenses, and working when he desired, was an independent contractor, held a question for the jury. 3. AuTomoBams---1N STRUCTION—IN DEPENDENT CONTRACTOR. —In an action for injuries in collision with a truck, refusal to submit the question whether the truck owner hauling road material was an independent contractor, and not the servant of defendants engaged in building a road, held error. 4. MASTER AND SERVANT—LIABILITY FOR NEGLIGENCE OF INDEPENDENT CON TRACTOR.—Even though the relationship of independent contractor existed between a road contractor and a truck owner hauling material, the contractor might be liable if the contractor was negligent in employing an independent 'contractor only seventeen years old to haul material over a much-traveled road. 5. TRIAL—IMPROPER EVIDENCE — WHEN CURED. —It was error to ask plaintiff's physician, in a personal injury action, who paid his bill, and whether an insurance company paid him, but the error will not call for a reversal where objection to it was sustained and the jury instructed not to consider it. Appeal from Lonoke Circuit Court ; W. J. Waggoner, "Judge; reversed. Chas. A. Walls, for appellant. Trimble, Trimble ce McCrary and Reed Beard, for appellee. MCHANEY, J. Ellis & Lewis, a partnership composed of A. 0. Ellis and C. S. Lewis, appellants, were contractors engaged in the construction of a rock road from Lonoke, in Lonoke County, to Beebe, , in White County. They employed about thirty persons with trucks for the purpose of hauling crushed rock or gravel from Lonoke to be distributed along the public highway as and where directed by appellants. These haulers furnished their
54 ELLIS & LEWIS V. WARNER. [180 own trucks, paid all expenses of their operation, worked as and when they desired, and were paid twenty cents per ton per mile haul Among those so employed was one Jack Cooper, who, in September, 1928, was seventeen years of age. On ,September 27, 1928, while driving his empty truck south back to Lonoke for another load, and while driving through loose rock or gravel on said highway at a speed of about thirty miles per hour, said Cooper ran his truck against appellee, causing serious bodily injuries. This suit was brought against said Cooper and appellants to recover damages for said injuries, but before the trial appellee dismissed as to Cooper. The trial proceeded against appellants, resulting in a verdict and judgment against them for the sum of $2,000. The first question we are called upon to decide is whether, under the facts, the court should have told the jury that Cooper was an independent contractor, as a matter of law, and therefore that appellants were not liable for his negligent acts. "An independent contractor," says Judge Elliott, "may be defined as one who, in the course of an independent occupation, prosecutes and directs the work himself, using his own methods to accomplish it, and represents the will of the company only as to the result of his work." 3 Elliott on Railroads, 3d ed., § 1407, page 70. This definition was quoted with approval in St. L. I. M. & So. By. Co. v. Gillihan, 77 Ark. 117, 92 S. W. 793, and in J. W. Wheeler & Co. v. Fitzpatrick, 135 Ark. 117, 205 S. W. 302. Continuing the quotation from the above section, the learned author says : "Generally, when an independent contractor is employed to perform a work lawful in itself and not intrinsically dangerous, the company, if it is not negligent in selecting the contractor, is not liable for the wrongful acts or negligence of such contractor, and, in order that the company shall be liable in such a case, it must appear that it either exercised, or reserved the right to exercise, control over the work, or had the power to choose, direct and discharge the employees of the contractor. In general, it may be said that the liability of
ARK.] ELLIS & LEWIS V. WARNER. 55 the company depends upon whether or not it has retained control and direction of the work." In 14 R. C. L., page 75, it is said that : "Cartmen, truckmen and draymen are generally held to be independent contractors, though the contrary view is sometimes taken of their employments where their employers exercise considerable control over them." A case cited to support this statement of the law is Burns v. Michigan Paint Co., 152 Mich. 613, 116 N. W. 182, 16 L. R. A. N. S. 826, where "a licensed expressman, who delivered goods for defendant for $15 a week, furnishing a horse and wagon, not being bound to do the work personally, being free to do similar work for others, and placing defendant's . sign on his wagon when working for it, was an independent contractor, and not defendant's employee, and hence defendant is not liable for injury to a third person caused by his negligence." A number of our own cases have been cited by appet, lant's counsel, which we have carefully considered. We have reached the conclusion that the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct a verdict for appellants, and in refusing to declare as a matter of law that Cooper was an independent contractor. But we have also reached the conclusion that the court did err in refusing to submit this question to the jury. In the case of Wheeler v. Fitzpatrick, supra, the court quoted with approval from Overhouser v. American Cereal Co., 128 Iowa 580, 105 N. W. 113, the following : " The expression 'an independent contractor', within the popular understanding which the words import, is wholly descriptive. The expression serves merely to point out one of a class, and when so used it may be conceded that no words of definition are needed. But in the law of negligence the expression is used, not merely in a descriptive sense, but as well to designate a relationship, in the presence of which, when established, the law undertakes to prescribe distinctive rights and liabilities. It is for the court then as a matter of law to define the
56 ELLIS & LEWIS V. WARNER. [180 relationship, and for the jUry to make finding of the fact as to its existence." So here the court should have declared the law defining the relationship, and have left the question of iti existence to the jury. Even though the jury should find that this relationship did exist, still appellant might be held liable, if the jury should further find that appellants were negligent in employing Cooper as an independent contractor to do this work. He was only seventeen years old, was driving rapidly in loose rock over an important highway, which appellants knew—one much used by the public, and which the . pubilic had the right to use. The l iury would or should take into consideration all the facts and circumstances in the case in determining this question. Other`questions are argued in the brief of appellants, including the improper questions asked the physicians as to who paid his bill, and whether the insurance company paid him. We think they were improper, and should not have been asked. It was . sufficient for the jury to know that the bill had been paid, and that it was not an item of expense incurred land paid by appellee. The record shows, however, that the court sustained counsel's objection to the question regarding payment by the insurance company, and instructed the jury not to consider it. No objection was made to the previous questions, and we would not reverse the case on this account. Nor do we think appellee was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law, but that it was a question for the jury. The court properly submitted this question. For the error indicated the judgment will be reversed. and the cause remanded for a new trial. It is so ordered.
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