170 [52 Elizabeth PHILLIPS v. ARKANSAS STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT CA 95-160 916 S.W.2d 128 Court of Appeals of Arkansas En Banc
Opinion delivered February 28, 1996 1. WORKERS' COMPENSATION - SEXUAL HARASSMENT - ARKAN-SAS WORKERS' COMPENSATION STATUTES DO NOT EXCLUDE SUCH CLAIMS. - The Arkansas Workers' Compensation statutes do not exclude sexual harassment claims. 2. WORKERS' COMPENSATION - NON-TRAUMATICALLY INDUCED MENTAL ILLNESS - WHEN COMPENSABLE. - A non-traumatically induced mental illness is compensable if it is causally connected to or aggravated by extraordinary work-related stress. 3. WORKERS' COMPENSATION - ALLEGATION OF CONTINUOUS SEXUAL HARASSMENT BY EMPLOYER - COMMISSION FAILED TO INQUIRE WHETHER CLAIMANT SUSTAINED INJURY ARISING OUT OF AND IN COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT. - Where appellant alleged that she suffered a non-traumatically induced mental illness caused by extraordinary work-related stress due to continuous sexual harassment by her supervisor, the appellate court stated that the inquiry the Workers' Compensation Commission must make is whether the claimant sustained a compensable injury arising out of and in the course of the employment relationship; in the present case, the Commission failed to make such an inquiry; instead, it erroneously adopted a rule that sexual harassment could never arise out of and in the course of an employment relationship; the Commission should have inquired into the facts and circumstances of appellant's claim and determined whether they supported her assertion that her injury arose out of and in the course of her employment. 4. WORKERS' COMPENSATION - INJURIES ARISING OUT OF EMPLOYMENT - RISK INCREASED BY NATURE OR SETTING OF WORK. — In order for an injury to arise out of employment, it must be a natural and probable consequence or incident of the employment and a natural result of one of its risks; an injury arises out of the employment if the risk is increased by the nature or setting of the work. 5. WORKERS' COMPENSATION - SEXUAL HARASSMENT AS RISK RELATED TO NATURE OF WORK ENVIRONMENT - DECIDED ON CASE-BY-CASE BASIS - COMMISSION ERRED IN FINDING IT DID
PHILLIPS V. ARKANSAS STATE ARK. APP.] HIGHWAY & TRANSP. DEP'T 171 Cite as 52 Ark. App. 170 (1996) NOT HAVE JURISDICTION. — Whether sexual harassment is a risk to which an employee is exposed because of the nature of the work environment is a fact that should be decided on a case-by-case basis; the appellate court held that it was error for the Commission to find that it did not have jurisdiction because sexual harassment could never arise out of and in the course of the employment. 6. WORKERS' COMPENSATION — GENERAL ASSEMBLY, NOT APPELLATE COURT OR COMMISSION, SHOULD DECIDE WHETHER SEXUAL HARASSMENT CLAIMS SHOULD BE EXCLUDED FROM COVERAGE. — It is not for the appellate court or the Commission to decide whether sexual harassment is the type of injury workers' compensation should cover; if the workers' compensation statutes are to be changed to exclude sexual harassment claims, it must be done by the Arkansas General Assembly. 7. APPEAL & ERROR — COMMISSION'S FINDING THAT APPELLANT FAILED TO MEET HER BURDEN OF PROOF WAS OBITER DICTUM — MATTER REVERSED AND REMANDED. — In light of the Commission's express finding that it did not have jurisdiction over appellant's sexual harassment claim, the alternative finding that appellant failed to meet her burden of proving a work-related stress claim was obiter dictum; thus, the appellate court reversed and remanded the matter to the Commission. Appeal from the Arkansas Workers' Compensation Commission; reversed and remanded. Webb & Doerpinghaus, by: Charles J. Doerpinghaus, Jr., for appellant. Calvin Gibson, for appellee. OLLY NEAL, Judge. Elizabeth Phillips appeals from the decision of the Arkansas Workers' Compensation Commission, alleging error in the Commission's holding that the Commission does not have jurisdiction over her complaint of sexual harassment. Appellant began working for the Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department in 1986. In 1987 appellant was transferred to North Little Rock where she came under the supervision of Homer Blair. Appellant testified that from May 1987 to January 1991 she was sexually harassed by Homer Blair. Such harassment included being asked to have sex with Mr. Blair, on one occasion having her breast touched by Blair, and being ordered to burn several pornographic tapes at Blair's
PHILLIPS V. ARKANSAS STATE 172 HIGHWAY & TRANSP. DEP'T [52 Cite as 52 Ark. App. 170 (1996) instruction. The record contains appellant's psychological evaluation and reevaluation. There is also testimony concerning the injuries appellant claims to have suffered. Appellant filed a claim for workers' compensation because of post-traumatic stress syndrome as a result of the sexual harassment by her supervisor. The administrative law judge held that sexual harassment is not a risk to which an employee is exposed because of the nature of the employment but is a risk to which the employee could be equally exposed outside the employment. The law judge also held that intentional personal acts associated with sexual harassment do not arise out of and in the course of employment and are not risks associated with employment. The law judge found that the Commission has no jurisdiction over this case because a claim for sexual harassment is neither covered nor barred by the Act. Appellant appealed to the Full Commission. The Full Commission held it did not have jurisdiction over appellant's complaint, that personal acts associated with sexual harassment do not arise out of and in the course of employment and are not risks associated with a claimant's employment. We hold that the Commission's finding that it did not have jurisdiction over appellant's claim was incorrect and must be reversed. [1] Whether sexual harassment may constitute a compen-sable injury under workers' compensation law is an issue we have not previously addressed. Other jurisdictions have addressed the issue with mixed results. See cases collected in Annotation, Workers' Compensation: Sexual Assaults as Compensable, 52 A.L.R. 4th 731 (1987) and 2A Arthur Larson and Lex K. Lar-son, The Law of Workmen's Compensation § 68.34(d) (1995). The United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas addressed the issue applying Arkansas law and stated that it believed that the Arkansas courts would hold that sexual harassment does not fall within the purpose and intent of the workers' compensation law. King v. Consolidated Freightways Corp., 763 F.Supp. 1014, 1017 (W.D. Ark. 1991). Despite the well-reasoned opinion in King, supra, we find that Arkansas Workers' Compensation statutes do not exclude sexual harass-
PHILLIPS V. ARKANSAS STATE ARK. APP.] HIGHWAY & TRANSP. DEP'T 173 Cite as 52 Ark. App. 170 (1996) ment claims.' [2, 3] Arkansas Workers' Compensation laws provide a remedy to workers injured or killed from an accidental injury arising out of and in the course of employment. Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(4) (1987). We have recognized that a non-traumati-cally induced mental illness is compensable if it is causally connected to or aggravated by extraordinary work-related stress. See City of Ft. Smith v. Brooks, 40 Ark. App. 120, 842 S.W.2d 463 (1992); McClain v. Texaco, Inc., 29 Ark. App. 218, 780 S.W.2d 34 (1989). Claimant alleged that she suffered a non-traumati-cally induced mental illness caused by extraordinary work-related stress due to continuous sexual harassment by her supervisor. Thus, the inquiry the Commission must make is whether the claimant sustained a compensable injury arising out of and in the course of the employment relationship. In this case, the Commission failed to make such an inquiry. Instead, it erroneously adopted a rule that sexual harassment could never arise out of and in the course of an employment relationship. The Commission should have inquired into the facts and circumstances of appellant's claim and determined whether they supported her assertion that her injury arose out of and in the course of her employment. It appears undisputed that a portion of the alleged incidents at issue in this case occurred "in the course" of appellant's employment. Appellant claims that she was harassed by her supervisor while she was at work in her office. Thus, the real question is whether the alleged incidents "arose out or the employment relationship. [4, 5] In order for an injury to arise out of employment, it must be a natural and probable consequence or incident of the employment and a natural result of one of its risks. Deffenbaugh Indus. v. Angus, 313 Ark. 100, 852 S.W.2d 804 (1993). To determine this issue, the Commission should apply the same rule to sexual harassment cases that it applies in assault cases: an injury arises out of the employment if the risk is increased by the nature or setting of the work. See Welch's Laundry & Cleaners 1 Appellant's injury occurred prior to July 1, 1993; thus, the 1987 version of the Workers' Compensation statute applies.
PHILLIPS V. ARKANSAS STATE 174 HIGHWAY & TRANSP. DEP'T [52 Cite as 52 Ark. App. 170 (1996) v. Clark, 38 Ark. App. 223, 832 S.W.2d 283 (1992). Whether sexual harassment is a risk to which an employee is exposed because of the nature of the work environment is a fact that should be decided on a case-by-case basis, and it was error for the Commission to find that it did not have jurisdiction because sexual harassment could never arise out of and in the course of the employment. [6] It is not for us or the Commission to decide whether sexual harassment is the type of injury workers' compensation should cover. If the workers' compensation statutes are to be changed to exclude sexual harassment claims, it must be done by the Arkansas General Assembly.' [7] Appellee urges us to affirm the Commission's decision because it made an alternative finding that the claimant failed to meet her burden of proving a work-related stress claim. However, in light of the Commission's express finding that it did not have jurisdiction over the claim at all, that finding was obiter dictum. Thus, we reverse and remand to the Commission for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Reversed and remanded. JENNINGS, C. J., MAYFIELD, COOPER, STROUD, and GRIFFEN, J J., agree. 2 In 1993, the Arkansas Legislature amended the Workers' Compensation laws by revising the definition of compensable injury and by adding Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-113 (Supp. 1995), which provides that "A mental injury or illness is not a compensable injury unless it is caused by a physical injury to the employee's body." We express no opinion on the issue of whether the legislature has excluded sexual harassment claims from the purview of Workers' Compensation laws by this amendment.
You are being directed to the most recent version of the statute which may not be the version considered at the time of the judgment.